SEC Filing | Affirm Holdings, Inc.

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As submitted confidentially to the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 8 , 2020 pursuant to the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012

Registration No. 333-

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

Form S-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT
UNDER
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

Affirm Holdings, Inc.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)

7389
(Primary Standard Industrial
Classification Code Number)

84-2224323
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification Number)

Affirm Holdings, Inc.
650 California Street
San Francisco, California 94108
Telephone: (415) 984-0490

(Address including zip code, telephone number, including area code, of Registrant’s Principal Executive Offices)

Max Levchin
Chief Executive Officer
Affirm Holdings, Inc.
650 California Street
San Francisco, California 94108
Telephone: (415) 984-0490

(Name, address including zip code, telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Copies To:

Gregg A. Noel, Esq.
P. Michelle Gasaway, Esq.
Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP
525 University Avenue
Palo Alto, California 94301
Telephone: (650) 470-4500

Sharda Caro del Castillo
Chief Legal Officer
Affirm Holdings, Inc.
650 California Street
San Francisco, California 94108
Telephone: (415) 984-0490

Byron B. Rooney, Esq.
Emily Roberts, Esq.
Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP
450 Lexington Avenue
New York, New York 10017
Telephone: (212) 450-4000

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after the effective date hereof.

If any of the securities being registered on this form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act, check the following box. ☐

If this form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

	Large accelerated filer ☐			Accelerated filer ☐
	Non-accelerated filer ☒ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)			Smaller reporting company ☐
	Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE

Title of each class of securities to be registered

Proposed maximum
aggregate offering
price(1)(2)

Amount of
registration fees

Common stock, $0.00001 par value per share

(1)

Includes shares of common stock that the underwriters may purchase pursuant to the option to purchase additional shares, if any.

(2)

Estimated solely for the purpose of calculating the registration fee pursuant to Rule 457(o) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until the Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

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The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED , 2020

Preliminary Prospectus

Affirm Holdings, Inc.

Common Stock

Affirm Holdings, Inc. is offering shares of common stock. This is our initial public offering, and no public market currently exists for our common stock. The initial public offering price of the common stock is expected to be between $ and $ per share.

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and will be subject to reduced public company reporting requirements.

We intend to apply for listing of our common stock on The Nasdaq Global Select Market (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol “AFRM”.

Investing in our common stock involves risks. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 22.

PRICE $ A SHARE

Price to Public

Underwriting
Discounts and
Commissions(1)

Proceeds, Before
Expenses, to Us

Per Share

Total

(1)

See “Underwriting” beginning on page 155 of this prospectus for additional information regarding underwriting compensation.

We have granted the underwriters the right to purchase up to an additional shares of our common stock at the initial public offering price less underwriting discounts and commissions.

The Securities and Exchange Commission and state securities regulators have not approved or disapproved these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

Delivery of the shares of common stock is expected to be made on , 2020.

(in reverse alphabetical order)

Morgan Stanley

Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC

Allen & Company LLC

The date of this prospectus is , 2020.

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	Page
PROSPECTUS SUMMARY		1
THE OFFERING		16
SUMMARY CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL AND OTHER DATA		18
RISK FACTORS		22
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS		61
INDUSTRY, MARKET AND OTHER DATA		63
USE OF PROCEEDS		64
DIVIDEND POLICY		65
CAPITALIZATION		66
DILUTION		68
SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL AND OTHER DATA		70
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS		74
BUSINESS		103
MANAGEMENT		125
EXECUTIVE AND DIRECTOR COMPENSATION		131
CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED-PARTY TRANSACTIONS		137
PRINCIPAL STOCKHOLDERS		141
DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK		144
SHARES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE		151
U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS FOR NON-U.S. HOLDERS		153
UNDERWRITING		155
LEGAL MATTERS		161
EXPERTS		162
WHERE YOU CAN FIND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION		163

Neither we nor any of the underwriters has authorized anyone to provide you with any information or to make any representations other than those contained in this prospectus or in any free writing prospectus we have prepared and filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). We and the underwriters take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. This prospectus is an offer to sell shares of common stock only under the circumstances and in jurisdictions where offers and sales are permitted. The information contained in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or of any sale of the common stock. Our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects may have changed since such date.

For investors outside of the United States: Neither we nor any of the underwriters has done anything that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required, other than in the United States. Persons outside of the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of the shares of common stock and this distribution of this prospectus outside of the United States.

Through and including , 2020 (the 25th day after the date of this prospectus), all dealers effecting transactions in these securities, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to a dealer’s obligation to deliver a prospectus when acting as an underwriter and with respect to an unsold allotment or subscription.

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PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

This summary highlights selected information contained elsewhere in this prospectus. This summary does not contain all of the information you should consider before investing in our common stock. You should read this entire prospectus carefully, including the sections titled “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus, before making an investment decision. Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this prospectus to “Affirm,” the “company,” “we,” “our,” “us,” or similar terms refer to Affirm Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

Our Mission

Deliver honest financial products that improve lives.

Our Company

We are building the next generation platform for digital and mobile-first commerce. We believe by using modern technology, the very best engineering talent, and a mission-driven approach we can reinvent the payment experience. Our solutions, which are built on trust and transparency, make it easier for consumers to spend responsibly and with confidence, easier for merchants to convert sales and grow, and easier for commerce to thrive.

Legacy payment options, archaic systems, and traditional risk and credit underwriting models can be harmful, deceptive, and restrictive to both consumers and merchants. They are not well-suited for increasingly digital and mobile-first commerce, and are built on legacy infrastructure that does not support the innovation required for modern commerce to evolve and flourish.

Our platform addresses these problems. Today, it comprises three core elements: a point-of-sale payment solution for consumers, merchant commerce solutions, and a consumer-focused app.

Our point-of-sale solution allows consumers to pay for purchases in fixed amounts without deferred interest, hidden fees, or penalties. We empower consumers to pay over time rather than paying for a product entirely upfront. This increases consumers’ purchasing power and gives them more control and flexibility. Our platform facilitates both true 0% APR payment options and interest bearing loans. With 0% APR, consumers pay zero interest and zero additional costs. On the interest bearing loans we facilitate, we charge simple interest, which means consumers pay fixed amounts of interest that they agree to up front, and the interest never compounds. We believe in treating people fairly, which is why consumers never pay more than what was agreed to at checkout, even if they miss a payment. Paying with Affirm not only protects consumers from hidden fees but allows them to avoid traps such as deferred interest.

We offer merchants highly effective commerce solutions that enhance demand generation and customer acquisition. Our solutions empower merchants to more efficiently promote and sell their products, optimize their customer acquisition strategies, and drive incremental sales. Our flexible payment solutions allow merchants to solve affordability for their customers, providing a revenue accelerator while avoiding discounting and other expensive marketing and promotional channels. We also provide valuable product-level data and insights — information that merchants cannot easily get elsewhere — to better inform their marketing strategies. Our approach allows us to add value throughout the full customer lifecycle, from acquisition, to conversion, to repeat transactions.

Our consumer-focused app unlocks the full suite of Affirm products for a delightful end-to-end consumer experience. Consumers can use our app to manage payments, open a high-yield savings account, and access a personalized marketplace. Our marketplace serves as a discovery platform which allows consumers to find products and make purchases from partner merchants. In addition our app allows merchants to provide tailored offers based on consumers’ spending patterns, shopping habits, and purchase intent.

Our business benefits from broader trends in technology, retail, finance, and e-commerce. For example, Gen Z and Millennials, people born between 1981 and 2012, now comprise the largest proportion of the U.S. population and are driving the rapid growth in e-commerce as every element of commerce moves online.

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The spending power of this new generation of consumers continues to expand significantly, reaching over $2.5 trillion in 2020. Most importantly, these consumers are also increasingly looking to solutions like “buy now pay later” as superior, more transparent payment options that match their demand for technology and mobile first-solutions. This trend has been accelerated by an erosion of trust in legacy financial institutions as consumers look to mission-driven technology companies for new financial products.

We believe our innovative approach, based on trust and our steadfast commitment to our core values, uniquely positions us to define the future of commerce and payments. Our company is predicated on the principles of simplicity, transparency, and putting people first. This distinctive culture sets us apart, as our principles are not just words on a wall, but how we — Affirmers — run our business and design our products. Since our founding in 2012, we have charged $0 in late fees for missed payments, we never profit from consumers’ mistakes, and we are transparent in our product offerings. By adhering to these principles, we have built enduring, trust-based relationships with consumers and merchants that we believe will set us up for long-term, sustainable success.

Technology, underwriting, and managing risk are collectively our key competitive advantage. We believe our proprietary technology platform and data give us a unique advantage in understanding consumers and merchants, as well as pricing risk — which we can almost always accomplish within seconds at checkout. Our approach to risk management is core to our business model, and has been proven to lead to low fraud rates, higher approval rates compared to traditional credit underwriting models, low losses, and highly attractive contribution profit. Our models have been built on more than a billion data points, including data from over 7.5 million transactions and over 6 years of repayments. Furthermore, our risk management models are designed to continuously improve over time, becoming more precise and efficient with each transaction powered by our platform.

We have already achieved significant scale, but we are just getting started. As of June 30, 2020, more than 5.6 million consumers have completed approximately 15.7 million transactions with over 5,600 merchants on our platform, leading to a total Gross Merchandise Value, net of refunds (“GMV”) of approximately $9.2 billion transacted through our platform since July 1, 2016. Approximately 70% of loans in the second half of fiscal year 2020 were taken out by repeat users, and our dollar-based merchant retention rate is above 100% across each cohort that joined our platform since 2016. Our Net Promoter Score (“NPS”) score of 78 for the second half of fiscal year 2020 is comparable to some of the world’s most loved brands and far exceeds those of legacy financial institutions.

For the fiscal years ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, our revenue was approximately $264.4 million and $509.5 million, respectively, representing year-over-year growth of approximately 93%. We incurred a net loss of $120.5 million and $112.6 million for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, respectively.

Industry Background

There are a number of important industry megatrends and market dynamics that are transforming commerce — the way consumers pay, how merchants sell, and the opportunities that transactions can create.

Rapid growth of e-commerce

According to eMarketer, global online sales grew 20% to approximately $3.4 trillion in 2019 and are expected to grow to approximately $5.8 trillion by 2023; however, e-commerce still only accounts for 14% of total retail sales. Every element of commerce is moving online, from storefronts, to order fulfilment, to payment and checkout experiences. Gen Z and Millennials are early and frequent adopters of e-commerce and tend to prefer the ease, flexibility, and greater selection offered by shopping online. For example, almost 70% of Millennials prefer shopping online, according to Statista. In the United States, according to the U.S. Department of Commerce, e-commerce sales as a percentage of total sales jumped from 11.8% to over 16.1% between the first and second calendar quarters of 2020.

“Buy now pay later” market share expanding

Consumers increasingly prefer more flexible and innovative digital payment solutions over traditional credit payment options. According to Worldpay’s 2020 Global Payments report, “buy now pay later” is the

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fastest growing e-commerce payment method globally. In North America, “buy now pay later” market share is expected to triple to 3% of the e-commerce payments market by 2023. In other regions, such as EMEA, “buy now pay later” already accounts for almost 6% of the e-commerce payment market, and is expected to grow to almost 10% by 2023.

Gen Z and Millennials losing trust in legacy financial and payment institutions and looking to mission-driven technology companies for new financial products

A lack of transparency by traditional financial and payments institutions, ranging from hidden penalties, hard to understand “fine print,” and unwanted bundling of products, has led to an erosion of trust and a poor consumer experience. These views are particularly acute for the over 160 million Gen Z and Millennials in the U.S., who prefer to build trusted relationships with the brands with whom they engage and from whom they buy products and services. For example, approximately 25% of Millennials do not carry credit cards.

Consumers are now turning to technology companies they trust: according to a survey conducted by the Harris Poll in 2020, 64% of Americans would consider purchasing or applying for financial products through a technology company’s platform instead of a traditional financial services provider. This sentiment rises to 81% for Americans aged between 18 and 34 years.

Traditional credit and debit cards can hurt consumers

In 2019, consumers paid approximately $121 billion in credit card interest, $11 billion in overdraft fees, and $3 billion in late fees according to studies from LendingTree, the Center for Responsible Lending, and NerdWallet, respectively.

The revolving nature of credit cards and the incentives to pay off only minimum balances can succeed in keeping consumers in debt for long periods of time. According to the Federal Reserve, as of June 2020, Americans owed nearly $1 trillion in credit card debt, evidencing the massive amount of consumer debt and the clear need for flexible payment options.

Debit cards also do not meet the buying needs of many consumers. They are an inflexible method of payment, particularly for consumers contemplating a higher value purchase. Debit cards restrict buying power to a consumer’s account balance, constrain the ability to budget over time, and do not provide the optionality or ability to responsibly access credit.

Merchants facing rising customer acquisition costs, and existing solutions are insufficient

The cost to acquire a customer and the cost to convert a sale are two of the biggest challenges facing merchants, and these costs are rising across almost every channel. Current payment solutions do little to help merchants attract and retain customers, forcing merchants to turn to discounts or promotional gimmicks. Alternative customer acquisition and marketing channels, such as online and social media advertising, are increasingly expensive due to the limited supply of digital ad space. As a result, both brick-and-mortar and online merchants of all sizes are looking to alternative strategies to acquire, convert, and retain customers more efficiently.

Limitations of legacy offerings

For consumers, when it comes to the act of making a purchase, there are a number of shortcomings with existing options:

•

Complex

•

Predatory

•

Mispriced credit risk

•

Inflexible

•

Impersonal, frustrating user experience

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For merchants, when it comes to acquiring customers, improving conversions, and increasing order values, there are also a number of shortcomings with existing options:

•

Difficulty in engaging and converting customers

•

Lack of viable consumer-friendly solutions that address unaffordability

•

Offering discounts can harm merchants’ brands

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Abandoned carts

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Lack of purchase intelligence

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Limited benefits to existing payment networks

Our Solution

We are transforming the way consumers buy and merchants do business through a platform consisting of honest financial products. We started our business with our core pay-over-time solution at checkout, and have since continued to innovate and expand our product suite. And, this is just the beginning.

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Benefits of our solution for consumers

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Simple, transparent, and fair. When using our solution, consumers never pay more than the stated amount, which is clearly and plainly laid out upfront at checkout. There are no further charges, penalties for early prepayment, or additional fees — even for missed payments.

•

Delightful user experience. Our solution provides a fast and straightforward experience at checkout and beyond through our easy-to-use app. For example, returning consumers pay efficiently with one-click. We also never sell the servicing rights to outstanding consumer balances, which allows us to manage the full consumer experience even in delinquency.

•

Flexibility and control. Instead of a “one-size-fits-all” approach, our solution empowers consumers to select how they wish to pay, including varying term options (e.g., biweekly, 3, 6, or 12 months) that best fit their needs, on a per-transaction basis.

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Accurate credit pricing. Our risk model consistently outperforms traditional credit models, enabling us to better help eligible consumers finance their purchases and power more transactions on our platform.

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Consumer confidence. We monitor our merchants’ creditworthiness, consumer complaint and dispute rates, changes in consumer repayment, and other anomalies to give consumers the confidence that merchants integrated with Affirm are committed to delivering honest and delightful experiences.

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Benefits of our solution for merchants

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More customers and better conversion. Our merchants report increased customer conversion when they offer Affirm. Our dollar-based merchant retention has consistently exceeded 100% for each cohort of merchants that joined our platform since 2016. According to a survey conducted by Informa Business Intelligence from November 1, 2019 to January 31, 2020, Affirm also approves, on average, 20% more customers than comparable competitor products.

•

Increased AOV. By solving affordability for consumers, we are able to help merchants increase demand for higher average order value before refunds (“AOV”) items. According to an internal study we conducted in 2019, merchants using Affirm reported 85% higher AOVs when compared to other payment methods.

•

Increased repeat purchase rate. We believe that the frictionless consumer experience and enhanced buying power facilitated by our platform often lead to improved repeat purchase rates for our merchants as they enjoy more satisfied customers. For example, approximately 20% of Affirm consumers from our January 2019 cohort made repeat purchases at the same merchant within 12 months.

•

Better data to inform personalized promotional strategies. We provide merchants with valuable data they can use to offer more tailored promotions and offers to consumers, for example through targeted offers in our app.

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Broader target market. We enable merchants to achieve incremental sales and expand their target market by including customers who might not want to or be able to pay for an item upfront, but can do so responsibly over time.

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Ease of integration. Our direct API, designed for use by developers, allows for site integration with minimal investment. Merchants can easily incorporate our platform into payment and product pages, and we provide a dedicated integration team to ensure that any issues are resolved.

•

Compliant. Once a merchant has integrated our API, we handle the regulatory aspect of the loans facilitated through our platform, irrespective of state or jurisdiction.

Our Competitive Advantages

We have a number of competitive advantages that we believe will continue to contribute to our success.

Strong network effects

We benefit from self-reinforcing network effects, which are advantages that compound with each additional consumer and merchant on our network:

•

As consumers learn about the key benefits of our solution, we believe more and more will choose to use our platform, and our consumer base will continue to grow.

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The larger our consumer ecosystem, the more valuable it is to merchants, and the more compelling it is for merchants to offer Affirm as an option.

•

The more merchants integrated into our network, the more reasons consumers have to shop with Affirm.

•

Our contribution profit improves as our consumer ecosystem expands. For example, the additional data we have on repeat consumers increases efficiencies.

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Improved contribution profit enables us to create even more compelling offers via merchants, in turn attracting more consumers and merchants to our network.

The net result is that we are building a consumer and merchant ecosystem on our platform that we expect to continue to grow and monetize over time.

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Engineering and technology infrastructure

Technology is at the core of everything we do. Our solutions use the latest in machine learning, artificial intelligence, cloud-based technologies, and other modern tools to create differentiated and scalable products. We prioritize building our own technology and investing in engineering talent, as we believe these are enduring competitive advantages that are difficult to replicate. As of June 30, 2020, 47% of our employees were in engineering and technology-related roles, reflecting the emphasis we place on technology. The scale of the engineering problems that we are solving, for both consumers and merchants, represent challenges that cannot easily be addressed by standard methods or traditional approaches. For example, we developed, from scratch, our own ledger in order to handle point-in-time reporting on millions of concurrent simple interest obligations with varying terms.

Our merchant partners can easily integrate Affirm via our direct API. From the smallest direct-to-consumer online brand, to the largest merchants running on mainframe computers, the technical aspects of integrating with Affirm are quick and painless. Full integration can be completed very quickly, as was evidenced by our recent partnership with a merchant, whose high-performance cycling components and

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wheelsets were live on their custom e-commerce platform with an Affirm API integration within two days after signing our merchant agreement.

Data advantages that compound over time

Our expertise in sourcing, aggregating, protecting, and analyzing data has been a core competitive advantage of our platform since our founding. We use data to inform our analysis and decision-making, including risk assessment, in a way that empowers consumers and generates value for our merchants and funding sources. We use application and transaction data to train our model, including data from more than 7.5 million loans and 6 years of repayments.

Our technology is built to handle the immense scale of our data-driven operations — we are capable of processing thousands of checkouts per minute. Our machine learning-based risk models are currently calibrated and validated on more than one billion individual data points, based on a complex set of variables, and are custom built to effectively detect fraud, price risk, and provide customized recommendations. We consider data beyond traditional credit scores, such as transaction history and credit usage, to predict repayment ability, and leverage this with real-time response data. We are also able to access and leverage SKU-level data, which we believe gives us a proprietary data advantage.

Better outcomes generated by our proprietary risk models

We believe our risk model informs our ability to assess risk better than our competitors. Unlike legacy payment and credit systems, we can assess risk at a transaction level. In other words, our integration with our merchant partners allows us to consider the product that the consumer is purchasing when we assess a credit application. We believe our proprietary risk model has translated this advantage into higher approval rates while maintaining attractive contribution profit. Based on a survey conducted by Informa Business Intelligence from November 1, 2019 to January 31, 2020, we approve on average 20% more customers than comparable competitor products. We are also able to price risk with a high degree of accuracy, as evidenced by our net charge-off rate of approximately 3.6% as of June 30, 2020. Overall, our risk model allows us to facilitate a greater volume of transactions from a wider and more diverse segment of consumers.

Our continuously-learning risk model benefits from increasing scale. As data from new transactions are incorporated into our risk algorithms, we are able to more effectively assess a given credit profile. Our model is robust enough to allow us to assess credit risk at a pre-defined risk level with a high degree of confidence, resulting in a weighted-average quarterly delinquency rate of approximately 1.2% for the three years ended June 30, 2020.

Our ability to quickly and accurately assess, price, and manage risk, enables us to generate high quality assets that attract funding sources and generate predictable servicing and interest income as consumers repay over time. Our risk model is designed to comply with our partner’s credit policies and underwriting procedures and has been proven to lead to low fraud rates, higher approval rates compared to traditional credit underwriting models, and attractive contribution profit.

For more information on how our risk model automates the underwriting process for our originating bank partner, see “— Regulatory Environment — State licensing requirements and regulation”.

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Distinctive culture that sets us apart

We believe our culture gives us a long-term, sustainable competitive advantage. Affirm is purpose-built from the ground up and our employees, who have named themselves “Affirmers”, are deeply committed to

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delivering honest financial products that improve lives. Five core values permeate every part of Affirm — which includes our people, products, and business:

•

People come first: We consider our impact on people’s lives before we think about our own interests. This means that we do not and will not take advantage of our consumers. Unlike much of the industry, we do not capitalize on consumer misfortunes through practices like late fees and deferred or compounding interest. Our success is aligned with our consumers’ success. In fact, we depend on it.

•

No fine print: We are transparent and honest — with our consumers and with each other. That is why there are no hidden fees or tricks associated with the loans facilitated through our platform. What you see is what you get.

•

It’s on us: We take full accountability for our actions, never shirking responsibility or passing the buck. Affirmers own problems and solutions, and we hold each other accountable.

•

Simpler is better: We make complex things simple and clear. Financial products and payments have traditionally been fraught with complexity. We found a better way, a way that brings consumers the simplicity they need and merchants the results they want.

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Push the envelope: We never stop innovating, taking smart risks, and raising the bar. Talented people are attracted to Affirm because we empower them to innovate, create robust systems, and take smart risks. This momentum keeps our consumer and merchant network growing and thriving.

These values have helped us to attract, inspire, and harness the collective talent of exceptional technologists and business people. They have also helped us build durable relationships with merchants and consumers, which have produced high repeat purchase rates, strong consumer and merchant satisfaction, and an industry-leading average Net Promoter Score of 78 from December 2019 through June 2020.

Our Business Model

Revenue sources

Our business model is predicated on a deep belief that simplicity, transparency, and putting people first are the keys to building enduring and trusted relationships with our consumers and merchants. This belief has helped us grow the ubiquity of our platform, and we have benefited from positive word-of-mouth as consumers recommend us to others. Our presence at checkout ensures we remain top-of-mind, allowing us to acquire consumers directly via our merchants and therefore sustain a highly efficient go-to-market strategy. We have also leveraged partnerships to drive growth and merchant expansion. For example, we recently partnered with Shopify on Shop Pay Installments to significantly expand the number of merchants and consumers on our platform.

Our business model is aligned with the interests of both consumers and merchants — we win when they win.

From merchants, we earn a fee when we help them convert a sale and power a payment. Merchant fees depend on the individual arrangement between us and each merchant and vary based on the terms of the product offering; we generally earn larger merchant fees on 0% APR financing products. For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, 0% APR financing represented 43% of the loan volume, net of refunds, facilitated through our platform. This structure incentivizes us to help our merchants convert sales and increase AOV through the commerce and technology solutions offered by our platform.

From consumers, we earn interest income on the simple interest loans that we purchase from our originating bank partner. Interest rates charged to our consumers vary depending on the transaction risk creditworthiness of the consumer, the repayment term selected by the consumer, the amount of the loan, and the individual arrangement with a merchant. Because consumers are never charged deferred or compounding interest, late fees, or penalties on the loans, we are not incentivized to profit from our consumers’ mistakes or misfortunes.

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In order to accelerate our ubiquity, we facilitate the issuance of virtual cards directly to consumers through our app, allowing them to shop with merchants that may not yet be fully integrated with Affirm. When these virtual cards are used over established card networks, we earn a portion of the interchange fee from the transaction.

Our loan origination and servicing model

When a consumer applies for a loan through our platform, the loan is underwritten using our proprietary risk model. Once approved and the consumer selects their preferred repayment option, the majority of loans are funded and issued by our originating bank partner.

We are also able to originate loans directly under our lending, servicing, and brokering licenses in Canada and across various states in the U.S. Under the self-origination model, we are able to improve our transaction economics.

We act as the servicer on all loans that we originate directly or purchase from our originating bank partner and earn a servicing fee on loans we sell to our funding sources. We also do not sell the servicing rights on any of the loans, allowing us to control the consumer experience end-to-end. To allow for flexible staffing to support overflow and seasonal traffic, we also partner with several sub-servicers to manage customer care, first priority collections, and third-party collections in accordance with our policies and procedures.

Efficient capital funding capabilities

Given our ability to automate our and our originating bank partners’ underwriting processes at checkout and generate high-quality assets at scale, we have successfully attracted a diverse set of funding sources, which has allowed us to scale accordingly as we have increased the transaction volume on our platform. As of June 30, 2020, we had over $3.2 billion in funding capacity from a diverse set of capital partners, and we have funded approximately $9.2 billion of purchases since July 1, 2016.

By linking our pay-over-time product to a specific consumer, purchase, and merchant, we can target shorter-duration assets. Today our repayment options range from six weeks to 48 months, with an average duration of six months for assets retained on our balance sheet. This high-velocity of repayments creates a multiplier effect on our committed capital, where funding can be recycled quickly, driving our ability to increase transaction volume.

Our Consumers

As of June 30, 2020, over 5.6 million consumers have trusted us to help them pay over time. By utilizing our unique risk model predicated on sophisticated machine learning algorithms, proprietary data, and product-level underwriting, we can serve consumers across the credit spectrum and price risk across credit bands. Consumers on our platform represent a broad cross-section of society, with sizable geographic representation across the U.S. and Canada.

Our Merchants

Our platform is explicitly designed and engineered to integrate with a wide range of merchants. This is a point of differentiation for us, and we can accommodate and partner with merchants regardless of industry, size, AOV, or customer profile. As of June 30, 2020, we had more than 5,600 merchants integrated on our platform, ranging from small businesses to large enterprises, direct-to-consumer brands, brick-and-mortar stores, and companies with omni-channel presences. Our merchants represent a diverse range of industries, including sporting goods and outdoors, furniture and homewares, travel, apparel, accessories, consumer electronics, and jewelry.

Our Opportunity

We believe we have a substantial opportunity to increase our share of the e-commerce market, grow our offline business at merchants, and continue to displace customer acquisition and marketing spend by merchants. We also see significant opportunity to develop new products that can define the future of commerce.

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E-commerce

U.S. e-commerce sales were approximately $600 billion in 2019, growing at 15% compared to the previous year. We believe we are well-positioned to address this market as more consumers and merchants transact on our platform.

Omni-channel commerce

Approximately $7.6 trillion was processed by cards at U.S. merchants in 2019, according to The Nilson Report published in May 2020, and e-commerce is only a small portion of this. Given our virtual card functionality and the ability for consumers to pay in-store using our app, we believe our platform can ultimately be used to address significant additional offline card spend at merchants.

As the shift from offline to digital payments accelerates, we believe over time we can also address non-card spend at merchants. This spend is currently served by cash and other legacy payments, and represents a large opportunity globally.

Merchant marketing

Customer acquisition is the lifeblood of all merchants; however, many existing channels are expensive and inefficient. We help merchants address customer acquisition challenges through the use of the full breadth of our platform and our valuable data and insights, to reduce friction, increase conversions, and optimize sales. As such, we believe we can address a portion of the estimated $1 trillion customer acquisition spend by merchants in the United States, according to The B2B Lead.

New financial products

Looking forward, our engineering team continues to innovate, building new impactful products as our network grows. For example, in June 2020 we launched a high-yield savings product that offers consumers a better way to save and reach their financial goals. As such, we believe our total opportunity includes offering a range of new financial products, all predicated on our principles of honesty, transparency, and trust.

Our Growth Strategies

Our multi-pronged growth strategy is designed to continue to build upon the momentum we have generated so far in order to create new opportunities to create even greater value for consumers and merchants.

Expand To More Higher Frequency Purchases

We have successfully demonstrated how our solutions can enable and accelerate commerce for larger, more considered purchases. A key principle of our next phase of growth is expanding into higher frequency purchases, which we believe will position us to increase engagement with consumers and merchants. We believe this will lead to increased transaction volume on our platform, as well as the expansion of our consumer and merchant network.

Expand Consumer Reach

•

Add more consumers to our network. We plan on expanding our marketing efforts across new and existing channels to increase brand awareness with consumers and highlight the value of our platform. We believe this will attract new consumers to try Affirm as a payment option. As we add more consumers to our network, our models become more efficient and robust, allowing us to provide our platform (and the loans it facilitates) to a growing spectrum of consumers. The more consumers that we serve, the better our systems understand how to identify responsible consumers, and the more consumers we can acquire and approve.

•

Drive repeat use. We aim to continue driving further repeat use of our platform as we serve consumers beyond their initial purchase via our tailored series of consumer-centric tools, personalized offerings, and the increased diversity of merchants on our network.

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•

Innovate on new product solutions. We are still at the beginning of our product roadmap, and plan to continue to innovate and bring new honest financial products to market for consumers.

Expand Merchant Reach

•

Deepen penetration with existing merchants. Today, Affirm transactions represent a small percentage of the average transaction volume for our merchants. As more consumers become aware of the ease and transparency of using Affirm and as we proactively build relationships with merchants through our dedicated sales and customer success teams, we believe we can significantly increase our share of existing merchants’ overall transaction volumes.

•

Increase the number of our merchant partnerships. We believe we have the opportunity to significantly increase the number of integrated merchants on our network through both our dedicated sales team and B2B marketing efforts. Additionally, simple, direct API integration means bringing on new merchants is a seamless process. As we continue to generate results for merchants, we believe more will join our platform in order to offer Affirm as an option to their customers.

•

Increase merchant feature functionality. As we continue to help merchants increase conversion rates, AOVs, and customer satisfaction, we plan to build new tools to help them optimize their customer acquisition strategies and achieve even greater results.

Expand to New Markets

We will continue to evaluate expanding our platform to new markets. Merchants and consumers everywhere can benefit from a more transparent, fair, and honest way to engage in commerce, and we see an opportunity to generate value in many new markets around the world through our platform.

Summary Risk Factors

Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those highlighted in “Risk Factors” immediately following this prospectus summary. These risks include, but are not limited to, the following:

•

If we are unable to attract additional merchants and retain and grow our relationships with our existing merchant partners, our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects would be materially and adversely affected.

•

If we are unable to attract new consumers and retain and grow our relationships with consumers, our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects would be materially and adversely affected.

•

A large percentage of our revenue is concentrated with a single merchant partner, and the loss of this merchant partner or any other significant merchant relationships would materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

•

We operate in a highly competitive industry, and our inability to compete successfully would materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

•

Our agreement with our originating bank partner, Cross River Bank, is non-exclusive, short-term in duration and subject to termination by Cross River Bank upon the occurrence of certain events, including our failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements. If that agreement is terminated, and we are unable to replace the commitments of Cross River Bank, our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects would be materially and adversely affected.

•

We rely on a variety of funding sources to support our network. If our existing funding arrangements are not renewed or replaced or our existing funding sources are unwilling or unable to provide funding to us on terms acceptable to us, or at all, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, cash flows, and future prospects.

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•

The success of our business depends on our ability to work with an originating bank partner to enable effective underwriting of loans facilitated through our platform and accurately price credit risk.

•

If loans facilitated through our platform do not perform, or significantly underperform, we may incur financial losses on the loans we purchase and we hold on our balance sheet, or lose the confidence of our funding sources.

•

The loss of the services of our Founder and Chief Executive Officer could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

•

Our long term mission to deliver simple, transparent, and fair financial products may conflict with the short term interests of our stockholders.

•

We have a history of operating losses and may not achieve or sustain profitability in the future.

•

Our quarterly results may fluctuate significantly and may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business.

•

Any significant disruption in, or errors in, service on our platform or relating to vendors, including events beyond our control, could prevent us from processing transactions on our platform or posting payments and have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

•

Litigation, regulatory actions and compliance issues could subject us to fines, penalties, judgments, remediation costs, and requirements resulting in increased expenses.

•

Our revenue is impacted, to a significant extent, by the general economy and the financial performance of our merchants.

•

If our collection efforts on delinquent loans are ineffective or unsuccessful, the performance of the loans would be adversely affected.

•

Our ability to protect our confidential, proprietary or sensitive information, including the confidential information of consumers on our platform, may be adversely affected by cyber-attacks, employee or other internal misconduct, computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins or similar disruptions.

•

Our business is subject to extensive regulation, examination, and oversight in a variety of areas, all of which are subject to change and uncertain interpretation. Changing federal, state and local laws, as well as changing regulatory enforcement policies and priorities, including changes that may result from changes in the political landscape, may negatively impact our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

•

If our originating bank partner model is successfully challenged or deemed impermissible, we could be found to be in violation of licensing, interest rate limit, lending, or brokering laws and face penalties, fines, litigation, or regulatory enforcement.

Corporate and Other Information

We were incorporated in Delaware on June 12, 2019. Prior to our incorporation, we operated under the name Affirm, Inc., our wholly owned subsidiary, which was formed in 2012. Our principal executive offices are located at 650 California Street, San Francisco, CA 94108. Our telephone number is (415) 984-0490. Our website address is www.affirm.com. We do not incorporate the information contained on, or accessible through, our corporate website into this prospectus, and you should not consider it part of this prospectus. We have included our website address only as an inactive textual reference and do not intend it to be an active link to our website.

The Affirm name, our logo, and other trademarks mentioned in this prospectus are the property of Affirm. Trade names, trademarks, and service marks of other companies appearing in this prospectus are the property of their respective holders.

Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company

As a company with less than $1.07 billion in revenue during our most recently completed fiscal year and less than $1.0 billion in issued non-convertible debt securities over the prior three fiscal years, we

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qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, (the “Securities Act”), as modified by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (“JOBS Act”). As an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of specified reduced disclosure and other requirements that are otherwise applicable, in general, to public companies that are not emerging growth companies. These provisions include:

•

the requirement to present only two years of audited financial statements and only two years of related management’s discussion and analysis in this prospectus;

•

an exemption from compliance with the auditor attestation requirement on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 the (“Sarbanes-Oxley Act”);

•

an exemption from compliance with any requirement that the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board may adopt regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements;

•

reduced disclosure about our executive compensation arrangements;

•

exemptions from the requirements to obtain a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation or a stockholder approval of any golden parachute arrangements; and

•

extended transition periods for complying with new or revised accounting standards.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest to occur of: (i) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenues of at least $1.07 billion; (ii) the date we qualify as a “large accelerated filer,” which means the end of our fiscal year in which we have filed an annual report and the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates equated or exceeded $700 million as of the prior June 30; (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three-year period; and (iv) the last day of the fiscal year ending after the fifth anniversary of the completion of this offering.

We may choose to take advantage of some or all of these exemptions until such time that we are no longer an emerging growth company. If we do, the information contained herein may be different than the information you receive from other public companies in which you hold stock. Further, pursuant to Section 107 of the JOBS Act, as an emerging growth company, we have elected to take advantage of the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. As a result, our operating results and consolidated financial statements may not be comparable to the operating results and financial statements of other companies who have adopted the new or revised accounting standards. It is possible that some investors will find our common stock less attractive as a result, which may result in a less active trading market for our common stock and higher volatility in our stock price.

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THE OFFERING

Common stock offered by us

shares.

Option to purchase additional shares

shares.

Common stock to be outstanding after this offering

shares (or shares if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares in full).

Use of proceeds

We estimate that the net proceeds from this offering will be approximately $ (or approximately $ if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares in full) from the sale of the shares of common stock offered by us in this offering, based on the assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses.

We intend to use the anticipated net proceeds from this offering for general corporate purposes, including working capital, sales and marketing, engineering and technology, and corporate development. See “Use of Proceeds” for additional information.

Risk Factors

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. See “Risk Factors,” beginning on page 22, for a discussion of factors you should carefully consider before deciding to invest in our common stock.

Proposed Nasdaq symbol

“AFRM”.

Unless we indicate otherwise or the context otherwise requires, the number of shares of common stock to be outstanding after this offering is based on shares of common stock outstanding as of June 30, 2020 on a pro forma basis, which includes (i) 148,384,433 shares of our common stock to be issued upon the automatic conversion of all shares of our redeemable convertible preferred stock (including our Series G and Series G-1 redeemable convertible preferred stock) and (ii) shares of our common stock to be issued upon the automatic net exercise of all of our automatically exercisable warrants (as defined below) immediately prior to the completion of this offering, based upon the assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated offering price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and, in the case of the pro forma as adjusted number of shares, shares to be sold in the offering, and excludes:

•

306,065 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of 306,065 warrants outstanding as of June 30, 2020, which are not automatically exercisable upon the completion of this offering, with a weighted-average exercise price of $0.79 per share;

•

42,536,487 shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of options to purchase shares of our common stock outstanding as of June 30, 2020, with a weighted-average exercise price of $5.17 per share;

•

8,235,170 shares of our common stock issuable upon the vesting of Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”) outstanding as of June 30, 2020;

•

736,878 shares of our common stock issuable upon the vesting of outstanding RSUs granted after June 30, 2020; and

•

4,904,531 shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under our equity compensation plans.

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In addition, unless we indicate otherwise or the context otherwise requires, all information in this prospectus assumes:

•

the issuance of 21,824,141 shares of Series G redeemable convertible preferred stock for aggregate cash proceeds of $434.9 million, and the conversion of our convertible notes with an aggregate principal amount plus accrued interest of $75.3 million into 4,444,321 shares of Series G-1 redeemable convertible preferred stock, as if such transaction occurred on June 30, 2020;

•

the automatic conversion of all shares of our outstanding redeemable convertible preferred stock (including our Series G and Series G-1 redeemable convertible preferred stock) into 148,384,433 shares of our common stock, as if such conversion had occurred immediately prior to the completion of this offering;

•

the issuance of 20,297,595 warrants to Shopify Inc. and the partial exercise of such warrants, as if such issuance and exercise had occurred on June 30, 2020;

•

the automatic net exercise of 15,623,197 warrants, which will be fully vested and automatically exercised immediately prior to the completion of this offering (the “automatically exercisable warrants”) (including the unexercised warrants issued to Shopify Inc. referred to above), into shares of our common stock, based on the assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated offering price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus;

•

the filing and effectiveness of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and the adoption of our amended and restated bylaws, forms of which will be filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, which will occur immediately prior to the completion of this offering;

•

the recognition of share-based compensation expense of $12.3 million associated with RSUs for which the service condition was satisfied as of June 30, 2020, and for which the performance condition will be satisfied upon the completion of this offering;

•

no exercise of outstanding stock options or settlement of outstanding RSUs subsequent to June 30, 2020; and

•

no exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares of our common stock from us.

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SUMMARY CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL AND OTHER DATA

The following summary consolidated statement of operations data for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, and the consolidated balance sheet data as of June 30, 2020, have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected in the future. You should read the consolidated financial data below in conjunction with the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus.

	For the Fiscal Year Ended June 30,
	2019			2020
	(in thousands, except share and per share data)
Consolidated Statements of Operations Data
Revenue
Merchant network revenue		$	132,363		$	256,752
Virtual card network revenue			7,911			19,340
Interest income			119,404			186,730
Gain (loss) on sales of loans			(440)			31,907
Servicing income			5,129			14,799
Total revenues, net		$	264,367		$	509,528
Operating expenses
Loss on loan purchase commitment		$	73,383		$	161,452
Provision for credit losses			78,025			105,067
Funding costs			25,895			32,316
Processing and servicing(1)			32,669			49,831
Technology and data analytics(1)			76,071			122,378
Sales and marketing(1)			16,863			25,044
General and administrative(1)			88,902			121,230
Total operating expenses			391,808			617,318
Operating loss		$	(127,441)		$	(107,790)
Other income (expense), net			7,022			(4,432)
Loss before income taxes		$	(120,419)		$	(112,222)
Income tax expense			(36)			(376)
Net loss		$	(120,455)		$	(112,598)

(1)

Includes stock-based compensation expense as follows:

	For the Fiscal Year Ended June 30,
	2019			2020
	(in thousands)
Processing and servicing		$	132			82
Technology and data analytics		$	13,913		$	12,285
Sales and marketing			4,179			4,040
General and administrative			22,647			13,682
Total stock-based compensation expense		$	40,871		$	30,089

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	As of June 30, 2020
	Actual			Pro Forma(1)		Pro Forma As Adjusted(2)(3)
	(in thousands, except share and per share data)
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data
Cash and cash equivalents		$	267,059		$		$	(4)
Loans held for investment			1,034,312
Total assets			1,402,251
Funding debt			817,926
Redeemable convertible preferred stock			804,170
Total stockholders’ deficit			(367,096)

(1)

The pro forma consolidated balance sheet data gives effect to (i) issuance of 21,824,141 shares of Series G preferred stock for aggregate cash proceeds of $434.9 million, and the conversion of our convertible notes with an aggregate principal amount plus accrued interest of $75.3 million into 4,444,321 shares of Series G-1 redeemable convertible preferred stock, as if such transaction occurred on June 30, 2020; (ii) the automatic conversion of all shares of our redeemable convertible preferred stock (including the Series G and Series G-1 redeemable convertible preferred stock referred to in clause (i)) into 148,384,433 shares of our common stock, as if such conversion had occurred on June 30, 2020; (iii) the issuance of 20,297,595 warrants to Shopify Inc. and the partial exercise of such warrants, as if such issuance and exercise occurred on June 30, 2020; (iv) the automatic net exercise of all automatically exercisable warrants (including the unexercised warrants referred to in clause (iii)) into shares of our common stock, as if such exercise and conversion had occurred on June 30, 2020, based upon the assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated offering price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus; (v) the filing and effectiveness of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation in Delaware that will become effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering; and (vi) the recognition of share-based compensation expense of $12.3 million associated with RSUs for which the service condition was satisfied as of June 30, 2020, and for which the performance condition will be satisfied upon the completion of this offering..

(2)

The pro forma as adjusted consolidated balance sheet reflects (i) the items described in footnote (1) above and (ii) our receipt of estimated net proceeds from the sale of shares of common stock that we are offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, the midpoint of the estimated price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commission and estimated offering expenses.

(3)

A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, the midpoint of the estimated price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) each of cash and cash equivalents and total stockholders’ deficit by $ million, assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same, and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions. Similarly, each increase (decrease) of 1.0 million shares in the number of shares of common stock offered by us would increase (decrease) each of cash and cash equivalents and total stockholders’ deficit by $ million.

(4)

Pro forma as adjusted reflects $ million of deferred offering costs that had not been paid as of June 30, 2020.

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Key Operating Metrics and Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We collect and analyze operating and financial data of our business to assess our performance, formulate financial projections, and make strategic decisions. In addition to total revenues, net, operating loss, net loss, and other results under generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), the following table sets forth key operating metrics and non-GAAP financial measures we use to evaluate our business.

	Fiscal Year Ended June 30,
	2019		2020
	(in thousands, except per consumer and percent data)
Gross Merchandise Volume (GMV) ($)(1)		2,620,059		4,637,220
Active Consumers(2)		2,045		3,618
Transactions per Active Consumer(x)(3)		2.0		2.1
Contribution Profit ($)(4)		64,945		180,479
Contribution Profit as % of GMV(%)(5)		2.5		3.9

(1)

We define GMV as the total dollar amount of all transactions on the Affirm platform during the period, net of refunds.

(2)

We define an active consumer as a consumer who engages in at least one transaction on our platform during the 12 months prior to the measurement date.

(3)

We define transactions per active consumer as the average number of transactions that an active consumer has conducted on our platform during the 12 months prior to the measurement date.

(4)

We define contribution profit as our total revenue less the direct costs of achieving that revenue. Contribution profit is calculated as total revenue less (i) the amortization of discount, which is included in our GAAP interest income, (ii) the unamortized discount released on loans sold to third-party loan buyers, (iii) provision for credit losses, (iv) funding costs, and (v) processing and servicing expense.

(5)

We define contribution profit as a percentage of GMV as the contribution profit divided by the GMV for that period.

Contribution Profit

Contribution profit is a non-GAAP financial measure. We define contribution profit as total revenues less the direct costs of achieving that revenue. Contribution profit as a percent of GMV is calculated by dividing contribution profit by GMV.

We purchase loans from our originating bank partner that are processed through our platform and our bank partner puts back to us. Under the terms of the agreement with our originating bank partner, we are generally required to pay the principal amount plus accrued interest for such loans. In certain instances, our originating bank partner may originate loans with zero or below market interest rates. In these instances, we may be required to purchase the loan for a price in excess of the fair market value of such loans, which results in a loss. We recognize these losses as loss on loan purchase commitment in our consolidated statements of operations.

Upon purchase of a loan from our originating bank partner at a price above the fair market value of the loan, a discount is included in the amortized cost basis of the purchased loan. For loans held for investment, this discount is amortized over the life of the loan into interest income. When a loan is sold to a third-party loan buyer, the unamortized discount is released in full at the time of sale, against the gain (loss) recognized on the sale of the loan. We believe that since there is a timing difference in the income statement recognition of the amortization or release of discount on loans held for investment versus loans sold, adjusting out these items is a useful measure of our performance during the current period.

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the preparation of our annual operating budget, as a measure of our operating results and the effectiveness of our business strategy, and in evaluating our financial performance.

However, non-GAAP financial information is presented for supplemental informational purposes only, and our use of contribution profit and contribution profit as a percentage of GMV have limitations as analytical tools, and you should not consider these in isolation or as substitutes for analysis of our financial results as reporting under GAAP. Some of these limitations are as follows:

•

contribution profit is not intended to be a measure of operating profit or loss as it excludes key operating expenses such as technology and data analytics, sales and marketing, and general and administrative expenses; and

•

other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate contribution profit differently from how we calculate this measure or not at all, which reduces its usefulness as a comparative measure.

Because of these limitations, contribution profit and contribution profit as a percentage of GMV should be considered along with other operating and financial performance measures presented in accordance with GAAP. Investors are encouraged to review the related GAAP financial measures and the reconciliation of these non-GAAP financial measures to their most directly comparable GAAP financial measures and not rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our business.

The following table presents a reconciliation of operating loss to contribution profit for each of the periods indicated:

	For the Fiscal Year Ended June 30,
	2019			2020
	(in thousands, except percent data)
Operating loss		$	(127,441)		$	(107,790)
Add back: Technology and data analytics			76,071			122,378
Add back: Sales and marketing			16,863			25,044
Add back: General and administrative			88,902			121,230
Add back: Loss on loan purchase commitment			73,383			161,452
Less: Amortization of discount(1)			(21,833)			(35,251)
Less: Unamortized discount released on loans sold(1)			(41,000)			(106,584)
Contribution profit		$	64,945		$	180,479
GMV		$	2,620,059		$	4,637,220
Contribution profit as a percentage of GMV			2.5%			3.9%

(1)

The following table details activity for the discount included in loans held for investment for the years ended June 30 (in thousands):

	2019			2020
Balance at the beginning of the period		$	5,201		$	13,068
Additions from loans purchased, net of refunds			70,700			157,426
Amortization of discount			(21,833)			(35,251)
Unamortized discount released on loans sold			(41,000)			(106,584)
Balance at the end of the period		$	13,068		$	28,659

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RISK FACTORS

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in this prospectus, including the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes included elsewhere in this prospectus before deciding whether to invest in shares of our common stock. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of or that we deem immaterial may also become important factors that adversely affect our business. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition, operating results, and future prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In that event, the market price of our common stock could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Our continued success is dependent on our ability to expand our merchant base and to grow our merchants’ revenue on our platform. We derive revenue primarily from merchant network fees earned from our merchant partners. The network fees are generally charged as a percentage of the transaction volume on our platform. In addition, as more merchants are integrated into our network, there are more reasons for consumers to shop with us.

If we are not able to attract additional merchants and to expand revenue and volume of transactions from existing merchants, we will not be able to continue to attract consumers or grow our business. Our ability to retain and grow our relationships with our merchant partners depends on the willingness of merchants to partner with us. The attractiveness of our platform to merchants depends upon, among other things: the size of our consumer base; our brand and reputation; the amount of merchant fees that we charge; our ability to sustain our value proposition to merchants for customer acquisition by demonstrating higher conversion at checkout and increased AOV; the attractiveness to merchants of our technology and data-driven platform; services and products offered by competitors; and our ability to perform under, and maintain, our merchant agreements. Our agreements with our merchant partners have terms that range from approximately 12 months to 36 months, and our merchants can generally terminate these agreements without cause upon 30 to 90 days’ prior written notice, although loans facilitated through our platform that are disbursed through single-use virtual cards do not involve a merchant partnership relationship. The termination of one or more of our merchant agreements would result in a reduction in transaction volume and merchant network revenue. In addition, having a diversified mix of merchant partners is important to mitigate risk associated with changing consumer spending behavior, economic conditions and other factors that may affect a particular type of merchant or industry. For example, following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, our revenue from merchant partners in the travel, hospitality, and entertainment industries declined, but we saw a significant increase in revenue from merchant partners offering home fitness equipment, home office products, and home furnishings, though we may see potential downswing in these categories if the trends we have seen thus far in the COVID-19 pandemic reverse. If we fail to retain any of our larger merchant partners or a substantial number of our smaller merchant partners, if we do not acquire new merchant partners, if we do not continually expand revenue and volume from the merchants on our platform, or if we do not attract and retain a diverse mix of merchant partners, our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects would be materially and adversely affected.

Our success depends on our ability to generate repeat use and increased transaction volume from existing consumers and to attract new consumers to our platform. We generate revenue when consumers pay with Affirm at checkout. In addition, as our consumer ecosystem expands, our contribution profit benefits, enabling us to create more compelling offers via merchants, in turn attracting more consumers and

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merchants. If we are not able to continue to grow our base of consumers, we will not be able to continue to grow our merchant network or our business. Our ability to retain and grow our relationships with consumers depends on the willingness of consumers to use our platform and products. The attractiveness of our platform to consumers depends upon, among other things: the number and variety of merchants and the mix of products available through our platform; our brand and reputation; consumer experience and satisfaction; consumer trust and perception of our solutions; technological innovation; and services and products offered by competitors. If we fail to retain our relationship with existing consumers, if we do not attract new consumers to our platform and products, or if we do not continually expand usage and volume from consumers on our platform, our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects would be materially and adversely affected.

If we fail to maintain a consistently high level of consumer satisfaction and trust in our brand, our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects would be materially and adversely affected.

Offering a better way for consumers to pay is critical to our success. If consumers do not trust our brand or have a positive experience, they will not use our platform. If consumers do not use our platform, we cannot attract or retain merchants. As a result, we have invested heavily in both technology and our support team. If we are unable to maintain a consistently high level of positive consumer experience, we will lose existing consumers and merchants. In addition, our ability to attract new consumers and merchants is highly dependent on our reputation and on positive recommendations from our existing consumers and merchants. Any failure to maintain a consistently high level of consumer service, or a market perception that we do not maintain high-quality consumer service, would adversely affect our reputation and the number of positive consumer and merchant referrals that we receive. As a result, our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects would be materially and adversely affected.

Our top merchant partner, Peloton, represented approximately 28.4% of our total revenue in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020. Our top ten merchants in the aggregate represented approximately 35.2% of our total revenue in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020. The concentration of a significant portion of our business and transaction volume with a limited number of merchants, or type of merchant or industry, exposes us disproportionately to any of those merchants choosing to no longer partner with us or choosing to partner with a competitor, to the economic performance of those merchants or industry or to any events, circumstances, or risks affecting such merchants or industry. For example, the significance of Peloton in our portfolio has increased as a result of consumer spending trends on home fitness equipment, and there can be no assurance that such trends will continue or that the levels of total revenue and merchant network revenue that we generate from Peloton will continue. The loss of Peloton as a merchant partner, or the loss of any other significant merchant relationships, would materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

We operate in a highly competitive and dynamic industry. Our technology platform faces competition from a variety of players, including those who enable transactions and commerce via digital payments. Our primary competition consists of: legacy payment methods, such as credit and debit cards, including those provided by card issuing banks such as Synchrony, J.P. Morgan Chase, Citibank, Bank of America, Capital One, and American Express; technology solutions provided by payment companies such as Visa and MasterCard; mobile wallets such as PayPal; and other pay-over-time solutions offered by companies such as Afterpay and Klarna, as well as new pay-over-time offerings by legacy financial and payments companies, including those mentioned above. We expect competition to intensify in the future, both as emerging technologies continue to enter the marketplace and as large financial incumbents increasingly seek to innovate the services that they offer to compete with our platform. Technological advances and the continued growth of e-commerce activities have increased consumers’ accessibility to products and services and led to the expansion of competition in digital payment options such as pay-over-time solutions. We face competition

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in areas such as: flexibility on payment options; duration, simplicity, and transparency of payment terms; reliability and speed in processing applications; underwriting effectiveness; compliance and security; promotional offerings; fees; approval rates; ease-of-use; marketing expertise; service levels; products and services; technological capabilities and integration; customer service; brand and reputation; and consumer and merchant satisfaction.

Some of our competitors, particularly the credit issuing banks set forth above, are substantially larger than we are, which gives those competitors advantages we do not have, such as a more diversified products, a broader consumer and merchant base, the ability to reach more consumers, the ability to cross sell their products, operational efficiencies, the ability to cross-subsidize their offerings through their other business lines, more versatile technology platforms, broad-based local distribution capabilities, and lower-cost funding. In addition, because many of our competitors are large financial institutions that fund themselves through low-cost insured deposits and continue to own the loans that they originate, they have certain revenue and funding opportunities not available to us. Our potential competitors may also have longer operating histories, more extensive and broader consumer and merchant relationships, and greater brand recognition and brand loyalty than we have. For example, more established companies that possess large, existing consumer and merchant bases, substantial financial resources, and established distribution channels could enter the market.

Increased competition could result in the need for us to alter the pricing we offer to merchants or consumers. If we are unable to successfully compete, the demand for our platform and products could stagnate or substantially decline, and we could fail to retain or grow the number of consumers or merchants using our platform, which would reduce the attractiveness of our platform to other consumers and merchants, and which would materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

We rely on Cross River Bank to originate a substantial majority of the loans facilitated through our platform and to comply with various federal, state, and other laws. Cross River Bank handles a variety of consumer and commercial financing programs. The Cross River Bank program agreements have initial three-year terms ending in February 2021, which automatically renew twice for successive one-year terms unless either party provides notice of non-renewal to the other party at least 90 days prior to the end of any such term. In addition, upon the occurrence of certain early termination events, either we or Cross River Bank may terminate the program agreements immediately upon written notice to the other party. Our Cross River Bank program agreements do not prohibit Cross River Bank from working with our competitors or from offering competing services, and Cross River Bank currently offers loan programs through other competing platforms. Cross River Bank could decide not to work with us for any reason, could make working with us cost-prohibitive, or could decide to enter into an exclusive or more favorable relationship with one or more of our competitors. In addition, Cross River Bank may not perform as expected under our program agreements. We could in the future have disagreements or disputes with Cross River Bank, which could negatively impact or threaten our relationship with other originating banks with whom we may seek to partner.

Cross River Bank is subject to oversight by the FDIC and the State of New Jersey Department of Banking and Insurance and must comply with applicable rules and regulations and examination requirements, including requirements to maintain a certain amount of regulatory capital relative to its outstanding loans. Cross River Bank has been subject to adverse regulatory orders. While such orders were unrelated to, and had no impact on, the loans Cross River Bank originates through our platform, any future adverse orders or regulatory enforcement actions, even if unrelated to our platform, could impose restrictions on Cross River Bank’s ability to continue to originate consumer loans through our platform. We are a service provider to Cross River Bank, and as such, we are subject to audit by Cross River Bank in accordance with FDIC guidance related to management of vendors. We are also subject to the examination and enforcement authority of the FDIC under the Bank Service Company Act.

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If Cross River Bank were to suspend, limit, or cease its operations, or if our relationship with Cross River Bank were to otherwise terminate for any reason (including, but not limited to, its failure to comply with regulatory actions), we would need to implement a substantially similar arrangement with another bank, obtain additional state licenses, or curtail our operations. If we need to enter into alternative arrangements with a different bank to replace our existing arrangements, we may not be able to negotiate a comparable alternative arrangement in a timely manner or at all. While we recently entered into an origination program agreement with Celtic Bank, a Utah state-chartered industrial bank whose deposits are insured by the FDIC, this relationship is not yet operational, and Celtic Bank is not yet able to provide meaningful originating bank partner services in the event our relationship with Cross River Bank were adversely impacted. In addition, transitioning loan originations to a new bank is untested and may result in delays in the issuance of loans or, if our platform becomes inoperable, may result in the inability to facilitate loans through our platform. If we are unable to enter into an alternative arrangement with different banks to fully replace or supplement our relationship with Cross River Bank, we would potentially need to obtain additional state licenses to enable us to originate loans directly, as well as comply with other state and federal laws, which would be costly and time consuming, and there can be no assurances that any such licenses could be obtained in a timely manner or at all. In the event that our relationship with Cross River Bank were terminated, and we were not able to replace it with another originating bank in a timely manner, on comparable or more favorable terms, or at all, our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects would be materially and adversely affected.

Our high-velocity, capital efficient funding model is integral to the success of our commerce platform. To support this model and the growth of our business, we must maintain a variety of funding arrangements, including warehouse facilities, securitization transactions, and forward flow agreements with a diverse set of funding sources. If we are unable to maintain access to, or to expand, our network and diversity of funding arrangements, our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

We cannot guarantee that these funding arrangements will continue to be available on favorable terms or at all, and our funding strategy may change over time and depends on the availability of such funding arrangements. For example, disruptions in the credit markets or other factors, including the continued impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, could adversely affect the availability, diversity, cost, and terms of our funding arrangements. The broad impact of COVID-19 on the financial markets has created uncertainty and volatility in many funding markets and with many funding sources. In addition, our funding sources may reassess their exposure to our industry and either curtail access to uncommitted financing capacity, fail to renew or extend facilities, or impose higher costs to access our funding.

In addition, there can be no assurances that we would be able to extend or replace our existing funding arrangements at maturity, on reasonable terms or at all. Our debt financing and loan sale forward flow facilities are generally short-term in nature, with term lengths ranging between one to three years, during which we have access to committed capital pursuant to such facilities. If our existing funding arrangements are not renewed or replaced or our existing funding sources are unwilling or unable to provide funding to us on terms acceptable to us, or at all, we would need to secure additional sources of funding or reduce our operations significantly. Further, as the volume of loans facilitated through our platform increases, we may require the expansion of our funding capacity under our existing funding arrangements or the addition of new sources of capital. The availability and diversity of our funding arrangements depends on various factors and are subject to numerous risks, many of which are outside of our control.

The agreements governing our funding arrangements require us to comply with certain covenants. A breach of such covenants or other events of default under our funding agreements could result in the reduction or termination of our access to such funding, could increase our cost of such funding or, in some cases, could give our lenders the right to require repayment of the loans prior to their scheduled maturity. Certain of these covenants are tied to our consumer default rates, which may be significantly affected by

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factors, such as economic downturns or general economic conditions, that are beyond our control and beyond the control of individual consumers. In particular, loss rates on consumer loans may increase due to factors such as prevailing interest rates, the rate of unemployment, the level of consumer and business confidence, commercial real estate values, the value of the U.S. dollar, energy prices, changes in consumer and business spending, the number of personal bankruptcies, disruptions in the credit markets, the COVID-19 pandemic, and other factors.

In the event of a sudden or unexpected shortage of funds in the financial system, we may not be able to maintain necessary levels of funding without incurring high funding costs, a reduction in the term or size of funding instruments, and/or the liquidation of certain assets. In such a case, if we are unable to arrange new or alternative methods of financing on favorable terms, we would have to reduce our transaction volume, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, cash flows, and future prospects.

In the future, we may seek to further access the capital markets to obtain capital to finance growth. However, our future access to the capital markets could be restricted due to a variety of factors, including a deterioration of our earnings, cash flows, balance sheet quality, or overall business or industry prospects, adverse regulatory changes, a disruption to or volatility or deterioration in the state of the capital markets, or a negative bias toward our industry by market participants. Due to the negative bias toward our industry, certain financial institutions have restricted access to available financing by participants in our industry, and we may have more limited access to institutional capital than other businesses. Future prevailing capital market conditions and potential disruptions in the capital markets may adversely affect our efforts to arrange additional financing on terms that are satisfactory to us, if at all. If adequate funds are not available, or are not available on acceptable terms, we may not have sufficient liquidity to fund our operations, make future investments, take advantage of acquisitions or other opportunities, or respond to competitive challenges and this, in turn, could adversely affect our ability to advance our strategic plans. In addition, if the capital and credit markets experience volatility, and the availability of funds is limited, third parties with whom we do business may incur increased costs or business disruption and this could adversely affect our business relationships with such third parties, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, cash flows, and future prospects.

One of our core competitive advantages, and a core tenet of our platform, is our ability to work with an originating bank partner to use our data-driven risk model to enable the effective underwriting of loans facilitated through our platform and to accurately and effectively price credit risk. Any deterioration in the performance of the loans facilitated through our platform, or unexpected losses on such loans, would materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. Loan repayment underperformance would impact our interest-related and gain-on-sale income generated from loans we purchase from our originating bank partner, which are underwritten in accordance with the bank’s credit policy. Additionally, incremental charge-offs may affect future credit decisioning, growth of transaction volume, and the amount of provisions for underperforming loans we will need to take.

Traditional lenders rely on credit bureau scores and require large amounts of information to approve a loan. One of our competitive advantages is the ability of our risk model, deployed in accordance with our originating bank partner’s credit model and its underwriting guidelines when loans are made, to efficiently score and price credit risk within seconds at point-of-sale based on five top-of-mind data inputs. However, these inputs may be inaccurate or may not accurately reflect a consumer’s creditworthiness or credit risk. In addition, our ability to enable the effective underwriting of the loans we originate directly or purchase from our originating bank partner and accurately price credit risk (and, as a result, the performance of such loans) is significantly dependent on the ability of our proprietary, learning-based scoring system, and the underlying data, to quickly and accurately evaluate a customer’s credit profile and risk of default. The information we use in developing the risk model and price risk may be inaccurate or incomplete as a result of error or fraud, both of which may be difficult to detect and avoid.

Numerous factors, many of which can be unexpected or beyond our control, can adversely affect a customer’s credit risk and our risks. There may be risks that exist, or that develop in the future, including

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market risks, economic risks, and other external events, that we have not appropriately anticipated, identified, or mitigated, such as risks from inadequate or failed processes, people or systems, natural disasters, and compliance, reputational, or legal matters, both as they relate directly to us as well as that relate to third parties with whom we contract or otherwise do business. While we continuously update our risk model as new information becomes available to us, any changes to our risk model may be ineffective and the performance of our risk model may decline. Further, our proprietary risk model was built prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, and consequently was not designed to take into account the longer-term impacts of social, economic, and financial disruptions caused by the pandemic. If our risk model does not effectively and accurately model the credit risk of potential loans facilitated through our platform, greater than expected losses may result on such loans and, as a result, our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, if the risk model we use contains errors or is otherwise ineffective, our reputation and relationships with consumers, our funding sources, our originating bank partner, and our merchants could be harmed, we may be subject to liability, and our ability to access our funding sources may be inhibited. Our ability to attract consumers to our platform and to build trust in our platform and products is significantly dependent on our ability to effectively evaluate consumer credit profiles and likelihoods of default. If any of the credit risk or fraud models we use contain programming or other errors or is ineffective or the data provided by consumers or third parties is incorrect or stale, or if we are unable to obtain accurate data from consumers or third parties (such as credit reporting agencies), the loan pricing and approval process through our platform could be negatively affected, resulting in mispriced or misclassified loans or incorrect approvals or denials of loans. This could damage our reputation and relationships with consumers, our funding sources, our originating bank partner, and our merchants, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

Additionally, if we make errors in the development, validation, or implementation of any of the models or tools used in connection with the loans facilitated through our platform, and those that we purchase and securitize or sell to investors, those investors may experience higher delinquencies and losses. We may also be subject to liability to those investors if we misrepresented the characteristics of the loans sold because of those errors. Moreover, future performance of the loans facilitated through our platform could differ from past experience because of macroeconomic factors, policy actions by regulators, lending by other institutions, or reliability of data used in the underwriting process. To the extent that past experience has influenced the development of our risk model and proves to be inconsistent with future events, delinquency rates and losses on loans could increase. Errors in our models or tools and an inability to effectively forecast loss rates could also inhibit our ability to sell loans to investors or draw down on our funding arrangements, which could limit our ability to purchase (or directly originate) new loans and could have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

For certain loans facilitated through our platform that we purchase from our originating bank partner, we hold the loan receivables for investment on our balance sheet. We bear the entire credit risk in the event that these consumers default with respect to these loan receivables. In addition, non-performance, or even significant underperformance, of the loan receivables that we own could have an adverse effect on our business.

Additionally, our funding model relies on a variety of funding arrangements, including warehouse facilities, securitization transactions, and forward flow agreements with a variety of funding sources. Any significant underperformance of the loans facilitated through our platform may adversely impact our relationship with such funding sources and result in their loss of confidence in us, which could lead to the termination of our existing funding arrangements, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

The loss of the services of our Founder and Chief Executive Officer could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

The experience of Max Levchin, our Founder and Chief Executive Officer, is a valuable asset to us. Mr. Levchin has significant experience in the financial technology industry and would be difficult to replace.

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Competition for senior executives in our industry is intense, and we may not be able to attract and retain qualified personnel to replace or succeed Mr. Levchin. Failure to retain Mr. Levchin would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

Our business depends on our ability to attract and retain highly skilled employees.

Our future success depends on our ability to identify, hire, develop, motivate, and retain highly qualified personnel for all areas of our organization, in particular, a highly experienced sales force, data scientists, and engineers. Competition for these types of highly skilled employees, particularly in the San Francisco Bay Area, is extremely intense. Trained and experienced personnel are in high demand and may be in short supply. Many of the companies with which we compete for experienced employees have greater resources than we do and may be able to offer more attractive terms of employment. In addition, we invest significant time and expense in training our employees, which increases their value to competitors that may seek to recruit them. We may not be able to attract, develop, and maintain the skilled workforce necessary to operate our business, and labor expenses may increase as a result of a shortage in the supply of qualified personnel. If we are unable to maintain and build our highly experienced sales force, or are unable to continue to attract experienced engineering and technology personnel, our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

Our results depend on more prominent presentation, integration, and support of our platform by our merchants.

We depend on our merchants, which generally accept most major credit cards and other forms of payment, to present our platform as a payment option and to integrate our platform into their website or in their store, such as by prominently featuring our platform on their websites or in their stores and not just as an option at website checkout. We do not have any recourse against merchants when they do not prominently present our platform as a payment option. The failure by our merchants to effectively present, integrate, and support our platform would have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

If we fail to promote, protect, and maintain our brand in a cost-effective manner, we may lose market share and our revenue may decrease.

We believe that developing, protecting, and maintaining awareness of our brand in a cost-effective manner is critical to attracting new and retaining existing merchants and consumers to our platform. Successful promotion of our brand will depend largely on the effectiveness of our marketing efforts and the experience of merchants and consumers. Our efforts to build our brand have involved significant expense, and we expect to increase our marketing spend in the near term. These brand promotion activities may not result in increased revenue and, even if they do, any increases may not offset the expenses incurred. Additionally, the successful protection and maintenance of our brand will depend on our ability to obtain, maintain, protect, and enforce trademark and other intellectual property protection for our brand. If we fail to successfully promote, protect, and maintain our brand or if we incur substantial expenses in an unsuccessful attempt to promote, protect, and maintain our brand, we may lose our existing merchants and consumers to our competitors or be unable to attract new merchants and consumers. Any such loss of existing merchants or consumers, or inability to attract new merchants or consumers, would have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

We have a history of operating losses and may not achieve or sustain profitability in the future.

We incurred net losses of approximately $120.5 million in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019 and approximately $112.6 million in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020. As of June 30, 2020, our accumulated deficit was approximately $447.2 million. We anticipate that our operating expenses will increase in the foreseeable future as we seek to continue to grow our business, attract consumers, merchants, funding sources, and additional originating bank partners, and further enhance and develop our products and platform. These efforts may prove more expensive than we currently anticipate, and we may not succeed in increasing our revenue sufficiently to offset these higher expenses. In addition, we expect to incur $ in operating expenses related to the accelerated vesting of our automatically exercisable warrants in the

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quarter in which this offering occurs. We expect to incur additional net losses in the future and may not achieve or maintain profitability on a quarterly or annual basis.

Our quarterly results may fluctuate significantly and may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business.

Our quarterly results, including revenue, expenses, GMV, contribution profit, consumer metrics, and other key metrics, have fluctuated significantly in the past and are likely to do so in the future. Accordingly, the results for any one quarter are not necessarily an indication of future performance. Our quarterly results are likely to fluctuate due to a variety of factors, some of which are outside of our control, and as a result, may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business. Fluctuations in quarterly results may adversely affect the price of our common stock. In addition, many of the factors that affect our quarterly results are difficult for us to predict. If our revenue, expenses, or key metrics in future quarters fall short of the expectations of our investors and financial analysts, the price of our common stock will be adversely affected.

The mix of products that our merchants offer and our consumers purchase in any period affects our operating results. The mix over any period of time impacts GMV, and margin profile of our results for that period. Differences in product mix relate to different durations, APR mix, and varying proportion of 0% APR versus interest-bearing financings. For example, 0% APR loans that are facilitated through our platform are typically associated with higher merchant network revenue, but do not result in any interest income revenue. These mix shifts are primarily driven by merchant-side activity relating to the marketing of their products, whether the merchant is fully integrated within our network, and general economic conditions affecting consumers’ demand. Other factors that may cause fluctuations in our quarterly results include:

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our ability to retain and attract new merchants, consumers, and funding sources and maintain existing relationships;

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transaction volume, merchandise volume, and mix;

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rates of repeat transaction and fluctuations in usage of our platform, including seasonality;

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loan volume and mix;

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changes to the merchant discount rates that we charge to our merchant partners;

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the amount and timing of our expenses related to acquiring merchants, consumers, and funding sources and the maintenance and expansion of our business, operations, and infrastructure;

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changes to our relationships with our merchant partners;

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changes in interest rates;

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general economic, industry, and market conditions, including the COVID-19 pandemic;

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actual or anticipated changes in loan performance and provision for credit losses;

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losses on loan purchase commitments;

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our emphasis on merchant and consumer experience instead of near-term growth;

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the availability, cost, and other terms of funding sources, including funding commitments;

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competitive dynamics in the industry in which we operate;

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the amount and timing of stock-based compensation expenses;

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network outages, cyber-attacks, or other actual or perceived security breaches or data privacy violations;

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changes in laws and regulations that impact our business;

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the cost of and potential outcomes of potential claims or litigation; and

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the timing of expenses related to the development or acquisition of technologies or businesses and potential future charges for impairment of goodwill from acquired technologies or businesses.

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We have experienced in the past, and expect to continue to experience, seasonal fluctuations in our revenues.

We experience seasonality as a result of consumer spending patterns. Historically, our revenues have been strongest during the second quarter of our fiscal year as a result of higher commerce trends during the holiday retail season. Additionally, revenues associated with the purchase of home fitness equipment historically have been strongest in the third quarter of our fiscal year. Adverse events that occur during these months could have a disproportionate effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

The success and growth of our business depends upon our ability to continuously innovate and develop new products and technologies.

Our solution is a technology-driven platform that relies on innovation to remain competitive. The process of developing new technologies and products is complex, and we build our own technology, using the latest in artificial intelligence and machine learning (“AI/ML”), cloud-based technologies, and other tools to differentiate our products and technologies. In addition, our dedication to incorporating technological advancements into our platform requires significant financial and personnel resources and talent. Our development efforts with respect to these initiatives could distract management from current operations and could divert capital and other resources from other growth initiatives important to our business. We operate in an industry experiencing rapid technological change and frequent product introductions. We may not be able to make technological improvements as quickly as demanded by our consumers and merchants, which could harm our ability to attract consumers and merchants. In addition, we may not be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services as quickly as competitors or be successful in marketing these products and services to consumers and merchants. If we are unable to successfully and timely innovate and continue to deliver a superior merchant and consumer experience, the demand for our products and technologies may decrease and our growth, business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

Further, we use AI/ML in many aspects of our business, including fraud, credit risk analysis, and product personalization. The AI/ML models that we use are trained using various data sets. If the AI/ML models are incorrectly designed, the data we use to train them is incomplete, inadequate, or biased in some way, or we do not have sufficient rights to use the data on which our AI/ML models rely, the performance of our products, services, and business, as well as our reputation, could suffer or we could incur liability through the violation of laws, third-party privacy, or other rights, or contracts to which we are a party. For instance, in 2017 a discrepancy between a data signal used in the AI/ML model training data set and in our online decisioning environment for our risk model resulted in the risk model making incorrect decisions in certain specific cases. While the effect of this discrepancy was small and we are continuously taking steps to prevent any errors in the future, errors may arise in the future.

Our failure to accurately predict the demand or growth of our new products and technologies also could have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects. New products and technologies are inherently risky, due to, among other things, risks associated with: the product or technology not working, or not working as expected; consumer and merchant acceptance; technological outages or failures; and the failure to meet consumer and merchant expectations. As a result of these risks, we could experience increased claims, reputational damage, or other adverse effects, which could be material. The profile of potential consumers using our new products and technologies also may not be as attractive as the profile of the consumers that we currently serve, which may lead to higher levels of delinquencies or defaults than we have historically experienced. Additionally, we can provide no assurance that we will be able to develop, commercially market, and achieve acceptance of our new products and technologies. In addition, our investment of resources to develop new products and technologies and make changes or updates to our platform may either be insufficient or result in expenses that exceed the revenue actually generated from these new products. Failure to accurately predict demand or growth with respect to our new products and technologies could have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

Negative publicity about us or our industry could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

Negative publicity about us or our industry, including the transparency, fairness, user experience, quality, and reliability of our platform or point-of-sale lending platforms in general, effectiveness of our risk

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model, our ability to effectively manage and resolve complaints, our privacy and security practices, litigation, regulatory activity, misconduct by our employees, funding sources, originating bank partner, service providers, or others in our industry, the experience of consumers and investors with our platform or services or point-of-sale lending platforms in general, or use of loan proceeds by consumers that have obtained loans facilitated through our platform or other point-of-sale lending platforms for illegal purposes, even if inaccurate, could adversely affect our reputation and the confidence in, and the use of, our platform, which could harm our reputation and cause disruptions to our platform. Any such reputational harm could further affect the behavior of consumers, including their willingness to obtain loans facilitated through our platform or to make payments on their loans. As a result, our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects would be materially and adversely affected.

Real or perceived software errors, failures, bugs, defects, or outages could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

Our platform and our internal systems rely on software that is highly technical and complex. In addition, our platform and our internal systems depend on the ability of such software to store, retrieve, process, and manage immense amounts of data. As a result, undetected errors, failures, bugs, or defects may be present in such software or occur in the future in such software, including open source software and other software we license in from third parties, especially when updates or new products or services are released. For instance, in 2016 there was a discrepancy between a data signal used in the AI/ML training data set and in our online decisioning environment for our risk model, which resulted in our risk model making incorrect decisions in certain specific cases. While this discrepancy was remedied, and we are continuously taking steps to prevent any errors in the future, errors may arise in the future.

Any real or perceived errors, failures, bugs, or defects in the software may not be found until our consumers use our platform and could result in outages or degraded quality of service on our platform that could adversely impact our business (including through causing us not to meet contractually required service levels), as well as negative publicity, loss of or delay in market acceptance of our products and services, and harm to our brand or weakening of our competitive position. In such an event, we may be required, or may choose, to expend significant additional resources in order to correct the problem. Any real or perceived errors, failures, bugs, or defects in the software we rely on could also subject us to liability claims, impair our ability to attract new consumers, retain existing consumers, or expand their use of our products and services, which would adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

We use vendors, such as our cloud computing web services provider, virtual card processing companies, and third-party software providers, in the operation of our platform. The satisfactory performance, reliability, and availability of our technology and our underlying network and infrastructure are critical to our operations and reputation and the ability of our platform to attract new and retain existing merchants and consumers. We rely on these vendors to protect their systems and facilities against damage or service interruptions from natural disasters, power or telecommunications failures, air quality issues, environmental conditions, computer viruses or attempts to harm these systems, criminal acts, and similar events. If our arrangement with a vendor is terminated or if there is a lapse of service or damage to its systems or facilities, we could experience interruptions in our ability to operate our platform. We also may experience increased costs and difficulties in replacing that vendor and replacement services may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, on a timely basis, or at all. Any interruptions or delays in our platform availability, whether as a result of a failure to perform on the part of a vendor, any damage to one of our vendor’s systems or facilities, the termination of any of our third-party vendor agreement, software failures, our or our vendor’s error, natural disasters, terrorism, other man-made problems, security breaches, whether accidental or willful, or other factors, could harm our relationships with our merchants and consumers and also harm our reputation.

In addition, we source certain information from third parties. For example, our risk scoring model is based on algorithms that evaluate a number of factors and currently depend on sourcing certain information

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from third parties, including consumer reporting agencies. In the event that any third-party from which we source information experiences a service disruption, whether as a result of maintenance, natural disasters, terrorism, or security breaches, whether accidental or willful, or other factors, the ability to score and decision loan applications through our platform may be adversely impacted. Additionally, there may be errors contained in the information provided by third parties. This may result in the inability to approve otherwise qualified applicants through our platform, which may adversely impact our business by negatively impacting our reputation and reducing our transaction volume.

To the extent we use or are dependent on any particular third-party data, technology, or software, we may also be harmed if such data, technology, or software becomes non-compliant with existing regulations or industry standards, becomes subject to third-party claims of intellectual property infringement, misappropriation, or other violation, or malfunctions or functions in a way we did not anticipate. Any loss of the right to use any of this data, technology, or software could result in delays in the provisioning of our products and services until equivalent or replacement data, technology, or software is either developed by us, or, if available, is identified, obtained, and integrated, and there is no guarantee that we would be successful in developing, identifying, obtaining, or integrating equivalent or similar data, technology, or software, which could result in the loss or limiting of our products, services, or features available in our products or services.

In addition, in the event of damage or interruption, our insurance policies may not adequately compensate us for any losses that it may incur. Our disaster recovery plan has not been tested under actual disaster conditions, and we may not have sufficient capacity to recover all data and services in the event of an outage. These factors could prevent us from processing transactions or posting payments on our platform, damage our brand and reputation, divert the attention of our employees, reduce our revenue, subject us to liability, and cause consumers or merchants to abandon our platform, any of which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

If our merchants fail to fulfill their obligations to consumers or comply with applicable law, we may incur remediation costs.

Although our merchants are obligated to fulfill their contractual commitments to consumers and to comply with applicable law, including in marketing our products, from time to time, they might not, or a consumer might allege that they did not. This, in turn, can result in claims or defenses against our originating bank partner and us, or a loan purchaser, or in loans being uncollectible due to the Federal Trade Commission’s Holder in Due Course Rule (“Holder Rule”), or equivalent state laws. The Holder Rule requires the inclusion of a specific notice in consumer credit contracts evidencing debts arising from purchase money loan transactions. The notice provides that the holder of the consumer credit contract is subject to all claims and defenses which the debtor could assert against the seller of goods or services obtained with the proceeds of the consumer credit contract. In those cases, we may decide that it is beneficial to remediate the situation, either through assisting the consumers to get a refund, working with our originating bank partner to modify the terms of the loan or reducing the amount due, making a payment to the consumer, or otherwise. Historically, the cost of remediation has not been material to our business, but we make no assurance that it will not be in the future.

Our vendor relationships subject us to a variety of risks, and the failure of third parties to comply with legal or regulatory requirements or to provide various services that are important to our operations could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

We have significant vendors that, among other things, provide us with financial, technology, and other services to support our products and other activities, including, for example, credit ratings and reporting, cloud-based data storage and other IT solutions, and payment processing. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) has issued guidance stating that institutions under its supervision may be held responsible for the actions of the companies with which they contract. Accordingly, we could be adversely impacted to the extent our vendors fail to comply with the legal requirements applicable to the particular products or services being offered.

In some cases, vendors are the sole source, or one of a limited number of sources, of the services they provide to us. For example, we are solely reliant on our agreement with our cloud computing web services

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provider for the provision of cloud infrastructure services to support our platform. Most of our vendor agreements are terminable by the vendor on little or no notice, and if our current vendors were to terminate their agreements with us or otherwise stop providing services to us on acceptable terms, we may be unable to procure alternatives from other vendors in a timely and efficient manner and on acceptable terms (or at all). If any vendor fails to provide the services we require, fails to meet contractual requirements (including compliance with applicable laws and regulations), fails to maintain adequate data privacy controls and electronic security systems, or suffers a cyber-attack or other security breach, we could be subject to CFPB, Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) and other regulatory enforcement actions, claims from third parties, including our consumers, and suffer economic and reputational harm that could have an adverse effect on our business. Further, we may incur significant costs to resolve any such disruptions in service, which could adversely affect our business.

For example, certain installment loans are originated by our originating bank partner and then disbursed to merchants via single-use virtual cards facilitated through our partnership with an issuer processor. This issuer processor issues single-use virtual cards through its issuing bank partner which allow loans facilitated through our platform to be processed over the card network. Such loans facilitated through our platform can be used at merchants where we are not integrated at checkout, allowing consumers to complete purchases with virtual cards just as they would with a standard credit or debit card. In the event that our issuer processor became unable or unwilling to facilitate the disbursements to merchants and we are unable to reach an agreement with another vendor, such loans would no longer be able to be facilitated through our platform.

Litigation, regulatory actions, and compliance issues could subject us to fines, penalties, judgments, remediation costs, and requirements resulting in increased expenses.

Our business is subject to increased risks of litigation and regulatory actions as a result of a number of factors and from various sources, including as a result of the highly regulated nature of the financial services industry and the focus of state and federal enforcement agencies on the financial services industry in general and consumer financial services in particular.

In the ordinary course of business, we have been named as a defendant in various legal actions, including arbitrations and other litigation. From time to time, we may also be involved in, or the subject of, reviews, requests for information, investigations, and proceedings (both formal and informal) by state and federal governmental agencies, including banking regulators, the FTC, and the CFPB, regarding our business activities and our qualifications to conduct our business in certain jurisdictions, which could subject us to fines, penalties, obligations to change our business practices, and other requirements resulting in increased expenses and diminished earnings. Our involvement in any such matter also could cause harm to our reputation and divert management attention from the operation of our business, even if the matters are ultimately determined in our favor. Moreover, any settlement, or any consent order or adverse judgment, in connection with any formal or informal proceeding or investigation by a government agency, may prompt litigation or additional investigations or proceedings as other litigants or other government agencies begin independent reviews of the same or similar activities.

In addition, a number of participants in the consumer finance industry have been the subject of putative class action lawsuits; state attorney general actions and other state regulatory actions; federal regulatory enforcement actions, including actions relating to alleged unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts or practices; violations of state licensing and lending laws, including state interest rate limits; actions alleging discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity, gender, or other prohibited bases; and allegations of noncompliance with various state and federal laws and regulations relating to originating and servicing consumer finance loans. The current regulatory environment, increased regulatory compliance efforts, and enhanced regulatory enforcement have resulted in significant operational and compliance costs and may prevent us from providing certain products and services. There is no assurance that these regulatory matters or other factors will not, in the future, affect how we conduct our business and, in turn, have an adverse effect on our business. In particular, legal proceedings brought under state consumer protection statutes or under several of the various federal consumer financial services statutes subject to the jurisdiction of the CFPB and FTC may result in a separate fine for each violation of the statute, which, particularly in the case of class action lawsuits, could result in damages in excess of the amounts we earned from the underlying activities.

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See “— Risks Related to Our Regulatory Environment.”

We have experienced rapid growth, which may be difficult to sustain and which may place significant demands on our operational, administrative, and financial resources.

Since we launched our platform in 2014 we have experienced significant transaction volume growth. From fiscal years ended June 30, 2017 to 2020, we experienced cumulative GMV growth of 626%. We have a relatively limited operating history at our current scale, and our growth in recent periods exposes us to increased risks, uncertainties, expenses, and difficulties. If we are unable to maintain at least our current level of operations using cash flow, our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects would be materially and adversely affected.

As a result of our growth, we face significant challenges in:

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increasing the number of consumers with, and the volume of, loans facilitated through our platform;

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maintaining and developing relationships with existing merchants and additional merchants;

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securing commitments from our existing and new originating bank partners to provide loans to customers of our merchants;

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securing funding to maintain our operations and future growth;

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maintaining adequate financial, business, and risk controls;

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implementing new or updated information and financial and risk controls and procedures;

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navigating complex and evolving regulatory and competitive environments;

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attracting, integrating and retaining an appropriate number and technological skill level of qualified employees;

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particularly in the post-COVID-19 environment, training, managing, and appropriately sizing our workforce and other components of our business on a timely and cost-effective basis;

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expanding within existing markets;

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entering into new markets and introducing new solutions;

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continuing to revise our proprietary risk model;

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continuing to develop, maintain, protect, and scale our platform;

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effectively using limited personnel and technology resources; and

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maintaining the security of our platform and the confidentiality of the information (including personally identifiable information) provided and utilized across our platform.

We may not be able to manage our expanding operations effectively, and any failure to do so could adversely affect our ability to generate revenue and control our expenses, and would materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

Real or perceived inaccuracies in our key operating metrics may harm our reputation and negatively affect our business.

We track certain key operating metrics such as GMV, active consumers and transactions per active consumers with internal systems and tools that are not independently verified by any third party. While the metrics presented in this prospectus are based on what we believe to be reasonable assumptions and estimates, our internal systems and tools have a number of limitations, and our methodologies for tracking these metrics may change over time. In addition, limitations or errors with respect to how we measure data or with respect to the data that we measure may affect our understanding of certain details of our business, which could affect our long-term strategies. If the internal systems and tools we use to track these metrics understate or overstate performance or contain algorithmic or other technical errors, the key operating metrics we report may not be accurate. If investors do not perceive our operating metrics to be accurate, or if we

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discover material inaccuracies with respect to these figures, our reputation may be significantly harmed, and our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Changes in market interest rates could have an adverse effect on our business.

Increased interest rates may adversely impact the spending levels of consumers and their ability and willingness to borrow money. Higher interest rates often lead to higher payment obligations, which may reduce the ability of consumers to remain current on their obligations and, therefore, lead to increased delinquencies, defaults, consumer bankruptcies and charge-offs, and decreasing recoveries, all of which could have an adverse effect on our business. Certain of our funding arrangements bear a variable interest rate. Given the fixed interest rates charged on the loans originated on our platform, in the event that variable interest rates rise across the market, our interest margin earned in these funding arrangements would be reduced. Dramatic increases in interest rates may make these forms of funding nonviable. In addition, certain of our loan sale agreements are repriced on a recurring basis using a mechanism tied to interest rates. To reduce our exposure to broad changes in prevailing interest rates, we maintain an interest rate hedging program which eliminates some, but not all, of the interest rate risk.

Borrowings under certain of our funding arrangements bear an interest rate based on certain tenors of the London interbank offered rate (“LIBOR”) plus a credit spread. In July 2017, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority, which regulates LIBOR, announced that, after 2021, it will stop compelling banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR. Some of our funding arrangements contemplate a mechanism for replacing LIBOR with a new benchmark rate (to be agreed upon by us and each applicable financial counterparty) for debt drawn under the arrangements. This mechanism is triggered in the event that LIBOR is no longer published or otherwise available as a benchmark for establishing interest rates for loans. Since the conditions for the implementation of this mechanism have not yet been triggered, we cannot determine with certainty what such replacement rate would be. As a result, we cannot reasonably predict the potential effect of a discontinuation or replacement of LIBOR, other reforms or the establishment of alternative reference rates on our business. The discontinuation, reform, or replacement of LIBOR could result in interest rate increases on our funding arrangements, which could adversely affect our cash flows and operating results.

In connection with our securitizations, warehouse credit facilities, and forward flow agreements, we make representations and warranties concerning the loans financed pursuant to such agreements. If those representations and warranties are not correct, we could be required to repurchase certain of such loans. Any significant required repurchases would have an adverse effect on our ability to operate and fund our business.

In our asset-backed securitizations, warehouse credit facilities, and forward flow agreements, we make numerous representations and warranties concerning the characteristics of the loans we transfer and/or sell (depending on the type of facility), including representations and warranties that the loans meet certain eligibility requirements of those facilities and investors. If those representations and warranties are incorrect, we may be required to repurchase certain of the financed loans. Failure to repurchase so-called “ineligible loans” when required could constitute an event of default under our financing agreements and lead to the potential termination of the applicable facility. We can provide no assurance, however, that we would have adequate cash or other qualifying assets available to make such repurchases. Such repurchases could be limited in scope, relating to small pools of loans, or larger in scope, across multiple pools of loans. If we were required to make such repurchases and if we do not have adequate liquidity to fund such repurchases, it would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

Our revenue is impacted, to a significant extent, by the general economy and the financial performance of our merchants.

Our business, the consumer financial services industry, and our merchants’ businesses are sensitive to macroeconomic conditions. Economic factors such as interest rates, changes in monetary and related policies, market volatility, consumer confidence, and unemployment rates are among the most significant factors that impact consumer spending behavior. Weak economic conditions or a significant deterioration in economic conditions reduce the amount of disposable income consumers have, which in turn reduces consumer

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spending and the willingness of qualified consumers to take out loans. Such conditions are also likely to affect the ability and willingness of consumers to pay amounts owed under the loans facilitated through our platform, each of which would have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic has had, and continues to have, a significant impact on the national economy and the communities in which we operate. While the pandemic’s effect on the macroeconomic environment has yet to be fully determined and could continue for months or years, any prolonged economic downturn with sustained high unemployment rates would lead to decreased retail consumption and may materially decrease our transaction volume or increase defaults and delinquencies. Such effects, if they continue for a prolonged period, would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

The generation of new loans facilitated through our platform, and the transaction fees and other fee income due to us associated with such loans, depends upon sales of products and services by our merchants. Our merchants’ sales may decrease or fail to increase as a result of factors outside of their control, such as the macroeconomic conditions referenced above, or business conditions affecting a particular merchant, industry vertical, or region. Weak economic conditions also could extend the length of our merchants’ sales cycle and cause consumers to delay making (or not make) purchases of our merchants’ products and services. Some of our merchants have experienced a decrease in sales, supply chain disruptions, inventory shortages, and other adverse effects as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the future impact of the COVID-19 pandemic remains uncertain. The decline of sales by our merchants for any reason will generally result in lower credit sales and, therefore, lower loan volume and associated fee income for us. This risk is particularly acute with respect to our largest merchants.

In addition, if a merchant closes some or all of its locations (including as a result of COVID-19 mandated closures) or becomes subject to a voluntary or involuntary bankruptcy proceeding (or if there is a perception that it may become subject to a bankruptcy proceeding), consumers may have less incentive to pay their outstanding balances on loans facilitated through our platform, which could result in higher charge-off rates than anticipated. Moreover, if the financial condition of a merchant deteriorates significantly or a merchant becomes subject to a bankruptcy proceeding, we may not be able to recover amounts due to us from the merchant.

Our business is heavily concentrated in U.S. consumer credit, and therefore our results are more susceptible to fluctuations in that market than a more diversified company.

Our business is heavily concentrated in U.S. consumer credit. As a result, we are more susceptible to fluctuations and risks particular to U.S. consumer credit than a more diversified company. For example, our business is particularly sensitive to macroeconomic conditions that affect the U.S. economy and consumer spending and consumer credit. We are also more susceptible to the risks of increased regulations and legal and other regulatory actions that are targeted at consumer credit or the specific consumer credit products that we offer (including promotional financing). Our business concentration could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

Our business is subject to the risks of earthquakes, fires, floods, and other natural catastrophic events and to interruption by man-made issues such as strikes.

Our systems and operations are vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, fires, floods, power losses, telecommunications failures, strikes, health pandemics, and similar events. For example, a significant natural disaster in the San Francisco Bay Area or any other location in which we have offices or facilities, such as an earthquake, fire, or flood, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects, and our insurance coverage may be insufficient to compensate us for losses that may occur. In addition, strikes, wars, terrorism, and other geopolitical unrest could cause disruptions in our business and lead to interruptions, delays, or loss of critical data. We may not have sufficient protection or recovery plans in certain circumstances, such as a significant natural disaster, and our business interruption insurance may be insufficient to compensate us for losses that may occur.

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Borrowers may not view or treat their loans as having the same significance as other obligations, and the loans facilitated through our platform are not secured, guaranteed, or insured and involve a high degree of financial risk.

Borrowers may not view the loans facilitated through our platform as having the same significance as other credit obligations arising under more traditional circumstances. If a consumer neglects his or her payment obligations on a loan facilitated through our platform or chooses not to repay his or her loan entirely, it will have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, future prospects, and cash flows.

Personal loans facilitated through our platform are not secured by any collateral, not guaranteed or insured by any third-party, and not backed by any governmental authority in any way. Therefore, if we purchase the loans from our originating bank partner after they are originated, we are limited in our ability to collect on these loans if a consumer is unwilling or unable to repay them. A consumer’s ability to repay their loans can be negatively impacted by increases in their payment obligations to other lenders under mortgage, credit card, and other loans resulting from increases in base lending rates or structured increases in payment obligations. If a consumer defaults on a loan, we may be unsuccessful in our efforts to collect the amount of the loan. As such, our originating bank partner could decide to originate fewer loans through our platform. An increase in defaults precipitated by these risks and uncertainties could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

If our collection efforts on delinquent loans are ineffective or unsuccessful, the performance of the loans would be adversely affected.

Our ability to collect on loans is dependent on the consumer’s continuing financial stability, and consequently, collections can be adversely affected by a number of factors, including job loss, divorce, death, illness, or personal bankruptcy. Furthermore, the application of various federal and state laws, including federal and state bankruptcy and debtor relief laws, may limit the amount that can be recovered on the loans. It is possible that a higher percentage of consumers will seek protection under bankruptcy or debtor relief laws as a result of financial and economic disruptions related to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic than is reflected in our historical experience. In addition, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, federal and state regulatory agencies issued guidance encouraging leniency with respect to credit obligations and a few states took action to restrict collections activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Federal, state, or other restrictions could impair our ability to collect amounts owed and due on the loans facilitated through our platform, reduce income received from the loans facilitated through our platform, or negatively affect our ability to comply with our current financing arrangements or obtain financing with respect to the loans facilitated through our platform.

In the event that initial attempts to contact a consumer are unsuccessful, certain delinquent loans may be referred to a collection agent that will service the loans using its own servicing platform. Further, if collection action must be taken in respect of a loan, the collection agent may charge additional amounts, which may reduce the amounts of collections that we receive.

In addition, because our servicing fees in connection with the services we provide depend on the collectability of the loans facilitated through our platform, if there is an unexpected significant increase in the number of consumers who fail to repay their loans or an increase in the principal amount of the loans that are not repaid, we will be unable to collect our entire servicing fee for the loans facilitated through our platform for which we act as servicer, and our business, results of operations, financial condition, future prospects, and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected.

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted our working environment and diverted personnel resources and any prolonged effects of the pandemic may adversely impact our operations and employees.

We have had to expend, and expect to continue to expend, personnel resources to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic, including to develop and implement internal policies and procedures and track changes in laws. Any prolonged diversion of personnel resources may have an adverse effect on our operations. In addition, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, in March 2020, we transitioned our entire staff to a remote working environment. Over time such remote operations may decrease the cohesiveness of

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our teams and our ability to maintain our culture, both of which are critical to our success. Additionally, a remote working environment may impede our ability to undertake new business projects, to foster a creative environment, to hire new team members, and to retain existing team members. Such effects may adversely affect the productivity of our team members and overall operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

While we take precautions to prevent consumer identity fraud, it is possible that identity fraud may still occur or has occurred, which may adversely affect the performance of the loans facilitated through our platform.

There is risk of fraudulent activity associated with our platform, originating bank partners, consumers, and third parties handling consumer information. Our resources, technologies, and fraud prevention tools may be insufficient to accurately detect and prevent fraud. We are obligated to repurchase the loans facilitated through our platform in certain cases of confirmed identity theft. The level of fraud related charge-offs on the loans facilitated through our platform could be adversely affected if fraudulent activity were to significantly increase.

We bear the risk of consumer fraud in a transaction involving us, a consumer, and a merchant, and we generally have no recourse to the merchant to collect the amount owed by the consumer. Significant amounts of fraudulent cancellations or chargebacks could adversely affect our business or financial condition. High profile fraudulent activity or significant increases in fraudulent activity could also lead to regulatory intervention, negative publicity, and the erosion of trust from our consumers and merchants, and could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, future prospects, and cash flows.

Our ability to protect our confidential, proprietary, or sensitive information, including the confidential information of consumers on our platform, may be adversely affected by cyber-attacks, employee or other internal misconduct, computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins, or similar disruptions.

Our business involves the collection, storage, use, disclosure, processing, transfer, and other handling (collectively, “processing”) of a wide variety of information, including personally identifiable information, for various purposes in our business, including to help ensure the integrity of our services and to provide features and functionality to our consumers and merchants. The processing of the information we acquire in connection with our consumers’ and merchants’ use of our services is subject to numerous privacy, data protection, cybersecurity, and other laws and regulations in the United States and foreign jurisdictions. The automated nature of our business and our reliance on digital technologies may make us an attractive target for, and potentially vulnerable to, cyber-attacks, computer malware, computer viruses, social engineering (including phishing and ransomware attacks), general hacking, physical or electronic break-ins, or similar disruptions. While we and our vendors have taken steps to protect the confidential, proprietary, and sensitive information to which we have access and to prevent data loss, our security measures or those of our vendors could be breached, including as a result of employee theft, exfiltration, misuse or malfeasance, our actions, omissions, or errors, third-party actions, omissions, or errors, unintentional events, or deliberate attacks by cyber criminals, any of which may result in the loss of, or unauthorized access to, our or our consumers’ data, our intellectual property, or other confidential, proprietary, or sensitive business information. Any accidental or willful security breaches or other unauthorized access to our platform or servicing systems could cause confidential, proprietary, or sensitive information to be stolen and used for criminal or other unauthorized purposes. Security breaches or unauthorized access to confidential information could also expose us to liability related to the loss of the information, time-consuming and expensive litigation, and negative publicity. If security measures are breached because of employee theft, exfiltration, misuse or malfeasance, our actions, omissions, or errors, third-party actions, omissions, or errors, unintentional events, deliberate attacks by cyber criminals or otherwise, or if design flaws in our software or systems are exposed and exploited, our relationships with consumers could be damaged, and we could incur significant liability. Although we monitor our systems in order to detect security breaches or instances of unauthorized access to confidential information, there is no guarantee that our monitoring efforts will be effective.

The techniques used to obtain unauthorized, improper, or illegal access to our systems, our or our consumers’ data, or to disable or degrade service or sabotage systems, are constantly evolving, may be difficult to detect quickly, and often are not recognized until after they have been launched against a target.

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We may be unable to anticipate these techniques, react in a timely manner, or implement adequate preventative or remedial measures. Unauthorized parties have in the past attempted and may in the future attempt to gain access to our systems or facilities through various means, including, among others, hacking into our or our partners’ or consumers’ systems or facilities, or attempting to fraudulently induce our employees, partners, consumers or others into disclosing usernames, passwords, or other sensitive information, which may in turn be used to access our information technology systems and gain access to our or our consumers’ data or other confidential, proprietary, or sensitive information. Such efforts may be state-sponsored and supported by significant financial and technological resources, making them even more difficult to detect and prevent.

In addition, in certain circumstances we utilize vendors, including cloud service providers, to facilitate the servicing of consumer accounts. Under these arrangements, these vendors require access to certain consumer data for the purpose of servicing the accounts. Because we do not control our vendors, or the processing of data by our vendors, other than through our contractual relationships, our ability to monitor our vendors’ data security may be very limited such that we cannot ensure the integrity or security of measures they take to protect and prevent the loss of our or our consumers’ data. As a result, we are subject to the risk that cyber-attacks on, or other security incidents affecting, our vendors may adversely affect our business even if an attack or breach does not directly impact our systems. It is also possible that security breaches sustained by, or other security incidents affecting, our competitors could result in negative publicity for our entire industry that indirectly harms our reputation and diminishes demand for our products and services.

Any actual or perceived failure to comply with legal and regulatory requirements applicable to us, including those relating to information security, or any failure to protect the information that we collect from our consumers and merchants, including personally identifiable information, from cyber-attacks, or any such actual or perceived failure by our originating bank partner, may result in, among other things, revocation of required licenses or registrations, loss of approved status, private litigation, regulatory or governmental investigations, administrative enforcement actions, sanctions, civil and criminal liability, and constraints on our ability to continue to operate. Our originating bank partner also operates in a highly regulated environment, and many laws and regulations that apply directly to our originating bank partner are indirectly applicable to us through our arrangements with our originating bank partner.

Furthermore, federal and state regulators and many federal and state laws and regulations require notice of any data security breaches that involve personal information. These mandatory disclosures regarding a security breach are costly to implement and often lead to widespread negative publicity, which may cause consumers to lose confidence in the effectiveness of our data security measures. Any security breach suffered by us or our vendors, any attack against our service availability, any unauthorized, accidental, or unlawful access or loss of data, or the perception that any such event has occurred, could result in a disruption to our service, litigation, an obligation to notify regulators and affected individuals, the triggering of indemnification and other contractual obligations, regulatory investigations, government fines and penalties, reputational damage, and loss of consumers and ecosystem partners, and our business and operations could be adversely affected. In addition, we may incur significant costs and operational consequences in connection with investigating, mitigating, remediating, eliminating, and putting in place additional tools and devices designed to prevent future actual or perceived security incidents, as well as in connection with complying with any notification or other obligations resulting from any security incidents. Our insurance policies carry retention and coverage limits, which may not be adequate to reimburse us for losses caused by security breaches, and we may not be able to collect fully, if at all, under these insurance policies. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed available insurance coverage, or the occurrence of changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could adversely affect our business. Furthermore, we cannot be certain that insurance coverage will continue to be available on acceptable terms or at all, or that the insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim. Reduced confidence and participation in our platform and our data security measures could also adversely affect a consumer’s willingness to make payments on his or her loan, which could result in reduced collections.

Internet-based loan origination processes may give rise to greater risks than paper-based processes.

On behalf of our bank partner, we use the Internet to obtain application information and distribute certain legally required notices to applicants for loans, and to obtain electronically signed loan documents

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in lieu of paper documents with tangible consumer signatures. These processes entail additional risks relative to paper-based loan underwriting processes and procedures, including risks regarding the sufficiency of notice for compliance with consumer protection laws, risks that consumers may challenge the authenticity of loan documents or the validity of electronic signatures and records, and risks that, despite internal controls, unauthorized changes are made to the electronic loan documents.

Misconduct and errors by our employees, vendors, and service providers could harm our business and reputation.

We are exposed to many types of operational risk, including the risk of misconduct and errors by our employees, vendors, and other service providers. Our business depends on our employees, vendors, and service providers to process a large number of increasingly complex transactions, including transactions that involve significant dollar amounts and loan transactions that involve the use and disclosure of personal and business information. We could be adversely affected if transactions were redirected, misappropriated, or otherwise improperly executed, personal and business information was disclosed to unintended recipients, or an operational breakdown or failure in the processing of other transactions occurred, whether as a result of human error, a purposeful sabotage or a fraudulent manipulation of our operations or systems. In addition, the manner in which we store and use certain personal information and interact with consumers and merchants through our platform is governed by various federal and state laws. If any of our employees, vendors, or service providers take, convert, or misuse funds, documents, or data, or fail to follow protocol when interacting with consumers and merchants, we could be liable for damages and subject to regulatory actions and penalties. We could also be perceived to have facilitated or participated in the illegal misappropriation of funds, documents, or data, or the failure to follow protocol, and therefore be subject to civil or criminal liability. It is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct or errors by employees, vendors, or service providers, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses. Any of these occurrences could result in our diminished ability to operate our business, potential liability to consumers and merchants, inability to attract future consumers and merchants, reputational damage, regulatory intervention, and financial harm, which could negatively impact our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

We may be unable to sufficiently obtain, maintain, protect, or enforce our intellectual property and other proprietary rights.

Intellectual property and other proprietary rights are important to the success of our business. Our ability to compete effectively is dependent in part upon our ability to obtain, maintain, protect, and enforce our intellectual property and other proprietary rights, including with respect to our proprietary technology, and to obtain licenses to use the intellectual property and proprietary rights of others. We rely on a combination of patents, trademarks, service marks, copyrights, trade secrets, domain names, and agreements with employees and third parties to protect our intellectual property and other proprietary rights. We own the domain name rights for affirm.com, and, as of June 30, 2020, we owned six registered trademarks and five trademark applications in the United States, six registered trademarks and four trademark applications in various foreign jurisdictions, and one issued patent and six pending patent applications in the United States. Nonetheless, the steps we take to obtain, maintain, protect, and enforce our intellectual property and other proprietary rights may be inadequate and, despite our efforts to protect these rights, unauthorized third parties, including our competitors, may duplicate, mimic, reverse engineer, access, obtain, or use the proprietary aspects of our technology, processes, products, or services without our permission. Our competitors and other third parties may also design around or independently develop similar technology or otherwise duplicate or mimic our services or products such that we would not be able to successfully assert our intellectual property or other proprietary rights against them. We cannot assure that any future patent, trademark, or service mark registrations will be issued for our pending or future applications or that any of our current or future patents, copyrights, trademarks, or service marks (whether registered or unregistered) will be valid, enforceable, sufficiently broad in scope, provide adequate protection of our intellectual property or other proprietary rights, or provide us with any competitive advantage.

Our trademarks, trade names, and service marks have significant value, and our brand is an important factor in the marketing of our services. We intend to rely on both registrations and common law protections for our trademarks. However, we may be unable to prevent competitors or other third parties from acquiring or using trademarks, service marks, or other intellectual property or other proprietary rights that are similar

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to, infringe upon, misappropriate, dilute, or otherwise violate or diminish the value of our trademarks and service marks and our other intellectual property and proprietary rights. The value of our intellectual property and other proprietary rights could diminish if others assert rights in or ownership of our intellectual property or other proprietary rights, or in trademarks or service marks that are similar to our trademarks or service marks.

In addition, we cannot guarantee that we have entered into agreements containing obligations of confidentiality with each party that has or may have had access to proprietary information, know-how, or trade secrets owned or held by us. Moreover, our contractual arrangements may be breached or may otherwise not effectively prevent disclosure of, or control access to, our confidential or otherwise proprietary information or provide an adequate remedy in the event of an unauthorized disclosure. The measures we have put in place may not prevent misappropriation, infringement, or other violation of our intellectual property or other proprietary rights or information and any resulting loss of competitive advantage, and we may be required to litigate to protect our intellectual property or other proprietary rights or information from misappropriation, infringement, or other violation by others, which is expensive, could cause a diversion of resources, and may not be successful, even when our rights have been infringed, misappropriated, or otherwise violated. Our efforts to enforce our intellectual property and other proprietary rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims, and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property and other proprietary rights, and if such defenses, counterclaims, or countersuits are successful, it could diminish or we could otherwise lose valuable intellectual property and other proprietary rights. Additionally, the laws of some foreign countries may not be as protective of intellectual property and other proprietary rights as those in the United States, and the mechanisms for enforcement of intellectual property and other proprietary rights may be inadequate.

Furthermore, third parties may challenge, invalidate, or circumvent our intellectual property and proprietary rights, including through administrative processes or litigation. The legal standards relating to the validity, enforceability, and scope of protection of intellectual property and other proprietary rights are uncertain and still evolving. Our intellectual property and other proprietary rights may not be sufficient to provide us with a competitive advantage and the value of our intellectual property and other proprietary rights could also diminish if others assert rights therein or ownership thereof, and we may be unable to successfully resolve any such conflicts in our favor or to our satisfaction.

We may be sued by third parties for alleged infringement, misappropriation, or other violation of their intellectual property or other proprietary rights.

Our success depends, in part, on our ability to develop and commercialize our products and services without infringing, misappropriating, or otherwise violating the intellectual property or other proprietary rights of third parties. We may become involved in disputes from time to time concerning intellectual property or other proprietary rights of third parties, which may relate to our own proprietary technology, or to technology that we acquire or license from third parties, and we may not prevail in these disputes. Relatedly, competitors or other third parties may raise claims alleging that service providers or other third parties retained or indemnified by us, infringe on, misappropriate, or otherwise violate such competitors’ or other third parties’ intellectual property or other proprietary rights. These claims of infringement, misappropriation, or other violation may be extremely broad, and it may not be possible for us to conduct our operations in such a way as to avoid all such alleged violations of such intellectual property or other proprietary rights. We also may be unaware of third-party intellectual property or other proprietary rights that cover or otherwise relate to some or all of our products and services.

Given the complex, rapidly changing, and competitive technological and business environment in which we operate, and the potential risks and uncertainties of intellectual property-related litigation, a claim of infringement, misappropriation, or other violation against us may require us to spend significant amounts of time and other resources to defend against the claim (even if we ultimately prevail), pay significant money damages, lose significant revenues, be prohibited from using the relevant systems, processes, technologies, or other intellectual property (temporarily or permanently), cease offering certain products or services, obtain a license, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all, or redesign our products or services or functionality therein, which could be costly, time-consuming, or impossible.

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Some of the aforementioned risks of infringement, misappropriation or other violation, in particular with respect to patents, are potentially increased due to the nature of our business, industry, and intellectual property portfolio. For instance, it has become common in recent years for certain third parties to purchase patents or other intellectual property assets for the sole purpose of making claims of infringement, misappropriation, or other violation in an attempt to extract settlements from companies such as ours. Relatedly, we do not currently have a large patent portfolio, which could otherwise assist us in deterring patent infringement claims from competitors, through our ability to bring patent infringement counterclaims using our own patent portfolio. In addition to the previously mentioned impacts of intellectual property-related litigation, while in some cases a third party may have agreed to indemnify us for costs associated with intellectual property-related litigation, such indemnifying third party may refuse or be unable to uphold its contractual obligations. In other cases, our insurance may not cover potential claims of this type adequately or at all, and we may be required to pay monetary damages, which may be significant.

Some aspects of our platform include open source software, and our use of open source software could negatively affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

Aspects of our platform include software covered by open source licenses. The terms of various open source licenses have not been interpreted by United States courts, and there is a risk that such licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our platform. In such an event, we could be required to re-engineer all or a portion of our technologies, seek licenses from third parties in order to continue offering our products, discontinue the use of our platform in the event re-engineering cannot be accomplished, or otherwise be limited in the licensing of our technologies, each of which could reduce or eliminate the value of our technologies and loan products. If portions of our proprietary software are determined to be subject to an open source license, we could also be required to, under certain circumstances, publicly release or license, at no cost, our products that incorporate the open source software or the affected portions of our source code, which could allow our competitors or other third parties to create similar products and services with lower development effort, time, and costs, and could ultimately result in a loss of transaction volume for us. We cannot ensure that we have not incorporated open source software in our software in a manner that is inconsistent with the terms of the applicable license or our current policies, and we may inadvertently use open source in a manner that we do not intend or that could expose us to claims for breach of contract or intellectual property infringement, misappropriation, or other violation. If we fail to comply, or are alleged to have failed to comply, with the terms and conditions of our open source licenses, we could be required to incur significant legal expenses defending such allegations, be subject to significant damages, be enjoined from the sale of our products and services, and be required to comply with onerous conditions or restrictions on our products and services, any of which could be materially disruptive to our business.

In addition to risks related to license requirements, usage of open source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software because open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or other contractual protections regarding infringement, misappropriation, or other violations, the quality of code, or the origin of the software. Many of the risks associated with the use of open source software cannot be eliminated and could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects. For instance, open source software is often developed by different groups of programmers outside of our control that collaborate with each other on projects. As a result, open source software may have security vulnerabilities, defects, or errors of which we are not aware. Even if we become aware of any security vulnerabilities, defects, or errors, it may take a significant amount of time for either us or the programmers who developed the open source software to address such vulnerabilities, defects, or errors, which could negatively impact our products and services, including by adversely affecting the market’s perception of our products and services, impairing the functionality of our products and services, delaying the launch of new products and services, or resulting in the failure of our products and services, any of which could result in liability to us, our vendors and service providers. Further, our adoption of certain policies with respect to the use of open source software may affect our ability to hire and retain employees, including engineers.

Our mission to deliver simple, transparent, and fair financial products may conflict with the short term interests of our stockholders.

Our core principle, and the foundation on which we have built our company is to deliver simple, transparent, and fair financial products. Therefore, we have made in the past, and may make in the future,

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decisions that we believe will benefit our consumers and therefore provide long-term benefits for our business, even if our decision negatively impacts our short-term results of operations. For example, the loans facilitated through our platform do not have deferred or compounding interest and there are no hidden fees or penalties for a missed payment. At many merchants, consumers can qualify for 0% APR financing. Our decisions may negatively impact our short-term financial results or not provide the long-term benefits that we expect, in which case the success of our business and results of operations could be harmed.

The estimates of market opportunity and forecasts of market growth included in this prospectus may prove to be inaccurate, and even if the market in which we compete achieves the forecasted growth, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all.

Market opportunity estimates and expectations about market growth included in this prospectus are subject to significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions and estimates that may not prove to be accurate. Even if the markets in which we compete meet the size estimates and growth expectations included in this prospectus, our business could fail to grow for a variety of reasons, which could adversely affect our results of operations. For more information regarding the estimates of market opportunity and the expectations about market growth included in this prospectus, see “Business — Industry Background..”

To the extent that we seek to grow through future acquisitions, or other strategic investments or alliances, we may not be able to do so effectively.

We may in the future seek to grow our business by exploring potential acquisitions or other strategic investments or alliances. We may not be successful in identifying businesses or opportunities that meet our acquisition or expansion criteria. In addition, even if a potential acquisition target or other strategic investment is identified, we may not be successful in completing such acquisition or integrating such new business or other investment. We may face significant competition for acquisition and other strategic investment opportunities from other well-capitalized companies, many of which have greater financial resources and greater access to debt and equity capital to secure and complete acquisitions or other strategic investments, than we do. As a result of such competition, we may be unable to acquire certain assets or businesses, or take advantage of other strategic investment opportunities that we deem attractive; the purchase price for a given strategic opportunity may be significantly elevated; or certain other terms or circumstances may be substantially more onerous.

Any delay or failure on our part to identify, negotiate, finance on favorable terms, consummate, and integrate any such acquisition or other strategic investment opportunity could impede our growth.

There is no assurance that we will be able to manage our expanding operations effectively or that we will be able to continue to grow, and any failure to do so could adversely affect our ability to generate revenue and control our expenses. Furthermore, we may be responsible for any legacy liabilities of businesses we acquire or be subject to additional liability in connection with other strategic investments. The existence or amount of these liabilities may not be known at the time of acquisition, or other strategic investment, and may have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

Expanding our operations internationally would subject us to new challenges and risks.

We currently operate in the United States and Canada and we may seek to further expand our business internationally. Managing any international expansion will require us to comply with new regulatory frameworks and additional resources and controls. Any expansion internationally would subject our business to risks associated with international operations, including:

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adjusting the proprietary risk algorithms that we use to account for the differences in information available in different jurisdictions on consumers;

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conformity of our platform with applicable business customs, including translation into foreign languages and associated expenses;

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potential changes to our established business model;

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the need to support and integrate with local vendors and service providers;

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competition with vendors and service providers that have greater experience in the local markets than we do or that have pre-existing relationships with potential consumers and investors in those markets;

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difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations in an environment of diverse culture, laws, and consumers and merchants, and the increased travel, infrastructure, and legal and compliance costs associated with international operations;

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compliance with multiple, potentially conflicting, and changing governmental laws and regulations, including banking, securities, employment, tax, privacy, and data protection laws and regulations, such as the EU General Data Protection Regulation;

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compliance with U.S. and foreign anti-bribery laws, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the U.K. Anti-Bribery Act;

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difficulties in collecting payments in multiple foreign currencies and associated foreign currency exposure;

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potential restrictions on repatriation of earnings;

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expanded compliance with potentially conflicting and changing laws of taxing jurisdictions where we conduct business and applicable U.S. tax laws as they relate to international operations, the complexity and adverse consequences of such tax laws, and potentially adverse tax consequences due to changes in such tax laws; and

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regional economic and political conditions.

As a result of these risks, any potential future international expansion efforts that we may undertake may not be successful.

We identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting in connection with the audit of our financial statements for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, and we may identify additional material weaknesses in the future that may cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations or result in material misstatements of our financial statements. If we fail to remediate any material weaknesses or if we otherwise fail to establish and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, our ability to accurately and timely report our financial results could be adversely affected.

We are not currently required to comply with the rules of the SEC implementing Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 the (“Sarbanes-Oxley Act”) and are therefore not required to make a formal assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting for that purpose. Upon becoming a public company, we will be required to comply with the SEC’s rules implementing Sections 302 and 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which will require management to certify financial and other information in our quarterly and annual reports and provide an annual management report on the effectiveness of control over financial reporting. Though we will be required to disclose changes made in our internal controls and procedures on a quarterly basis, we will not be required to make our first annual assessment of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 until the year following our first annual report required to be filed with the SEC. As an emerging growth company, our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 until the later of the year following our first annual report required to be filed with the SEC or the date we are no longer an emerging growth company. If our internal control over financial reporting is not effective, our independent registered public accounting firm may issue an adverse report.

In connection with the audit of our financial statements for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, we and our independent registered public accounting firm identified certain control deficiencies in the design and implementation of our internal control over financial reporting that in aggregate constituted a material weakness. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Our evaluation was based on the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) framework.

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The material weakness relates to our general information technology controls, including design and implementation of access and change management controls. This material weakness means that it is possible that our business process controls that depend on the affected information technology systems, or that depend on data or financial reports generated from the affected information technology systems, could be adversely affected. Key components of the COSO framework have not been fully implemented, including control and monitoring activities, and information and communication relating to: (i) electing and developing general control activities over technology to support the achievement of objectives; (ii) electing, developing, and performing ongoing and/or separate evaluations to ascertain whether the components of internal control are present and functioning; and (iii) generating and using relevant, quality information to support the functioning of internal control.

As of the date of this prospectus this remains a material weakness. As part of our plan to remediate this material weakness, we are performing a full review of user access. We have implemented, and plan to continue to implement, new controls and new processes. We cannot assure you that the measures that we have taken, and that will be taken, to remediate this material weakness will, in fact, remedy the material weakness or will be sufficient to prevent future material weaknesses from occurring. We also cannot assure you that we have identified all of our existing material weaknesses.

In light of the control deficiencies and the resulting material weakness that was identified, we believe that it is possible that, had we and our independent registered public accounting firm performed an assessment or audit, respectively, of our internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, additional material weaknesses may have been identified.

When evaluating our internal control over financial reporting, we may identify material weaknesses that we may not be able to remediate in time to meet the applicable deadline imposed upon us for compliance with the requirements of Section 404. If we are unable to remediate our existing material weakness or identify additional material weaknesses and are unable to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner or assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting once we are no longer an emerging growth company, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our common stock could be negatively affected, and we could become subject to investigations by the stock exchange on which our securities are listed, the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources.

If we discover a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting that we are unable to remedy or otherwise fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting or disclosure controls and procedures, our ability to report our financial results on a timely and accurate basis and the market price of our common stock may be adversely affected.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures. In addition to the material weakness in internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the audit of our financial statements for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, subsequent testing by us or our independent registered public accounting firm, which has not performed an audit of our internal control over financial reporting, may reveal additional deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses. To comply with Section 404, we expect to incur substantial cost, expend significant management time on compliance-related issues and hire additional accounting, financial, and internal audit staff with appropriate public company experience and technical accounting knowledge. Moreover, if we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner or if we or our independent registered public accounting firm identify deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses, we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which would require additional financial and management resources. Any failure to maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting could have an adverse effect on our business and operating results, and cause a decline in the price of our common stock.

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Determining our allowance for credit losses requires many assumptions and complex analyses. If our estimates prove incorrect, we may incur net charge-offs in excess of our reserves, or we may be required to increase our provision for credit losses, either of which would adversely affect our results of operations.

Our ability to measure and report our financial position and results of operations is influenced by the need to estimate the impact or outcome of future events on the basis of information available at the time of the issuance of the financial statements. An accounting estimate is considered critical if it requires that management make assumptions about matters that were highly uncertain at the time the accounting estimate was made. If actual results differ from our judgments and assumptions, then it may have an adverse impact on the results of operations and cash flows. Management has processes in place to monitor these judgments and assumptions, including review by our internal valuation and credit loss allowance committee and our asset-liability committee but these processes may not ensure that our judgments and assumptions are correct.

We maintain an allowance for credit losses at a level sufficient to provide for incurred credit losses based on evaluating known and inherent risks in our loan portfolio. This estimate is highly dependent upon the reasonableness of our assumptions and the predictability of the relationships that drive the results of our valuation methodologies. The method for calculating the best estimate of incurred losses takes into account our historical experience, adjusted for current conditions, and our judgment concerning the probable effects of relevant observable data, trends, and market factors. Changes in such estimates can significantly affect the allowance and provision for losses. It is possible that we will experience credit losses that are different from our current estimates. If our estimates and assumptions prove incorrect and our allowance for credit losses is insufficient, we may incur net charge-offs in excess of our reserves, or we could be required to increase our provision for credit losses, either of which would adversely affect our results of operations.

We may have to constrain our business activities to avoid being deemed an investment company under the Investment Company Act.

In general, a company that is or holds itself out as being engaged primarily in the business of investing, reinvesting, or trading in securities may be deemed to be an investment company under the Investment Company Act. The Investment Company Act contains substantive legal requirements that regulate the manner in which “investment companies” are permitted to conduct their business activities. We believe we have conducted, and intend to continue to conduct, our business in a manner that does not result in us being characterized as an investment company. To avoid being deemed an investment company, we may decide not to broaden our offerings, which could require us to forego attractive opportunities. We may also apply for formal exemptive relief to provide additional clarity on our status under the Investment Company Act. We may not receive such relief on a timely basis, if at all, and such relief may require us to modify or curtail our operations. If we are deemed to be an investment company under the Investment Company Act, we may be required to institute burdensome compliance requirements and our activities may be restricted, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, we may be forced to make changes to our management team if we are required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act.

Risks Related to Our Regulatory Environment

We are subject to various federal and state consumer protection laws.

We must comply with various regulatory regimes, including those applicable to consumer credit transactions. The laws to which we are or may be subject include:

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state laws and regulations that impose requirements related to financial services related requirements, such as loan disclosures and terms, data privacy, credit discrimination, credit reporting, money transmission, recordkeeping, the arranging of loans made by third parties, debt servicing and collection, and unfair or deceptive business practices;

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the Truth-in-Lending Act and Regulation Z promulgated thereunder, which require certain disclosures to consumers regarding the terms and conditions of their loans and credit transactions;

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Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act, which prohibits unfair and deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce, and Section 1031 of the Dodd-Frank Act, which prohibits unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts or practices (“UDAAP”) in connection with any consumer financial product or service;

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the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (the “ECOA”) and Regulation B promulgated thereunder, which prohibit creditors from discriminating against credit applicants on the basis of race, color, sex, age, religion, national origin, marital status, the fact that all or part of the applicant’s income derives from any public assistance program, or the fact that the applicant has in good faith exercised any right under the Federal Consumer Credit Protection Act or any applicable state law;

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the Fair Credit Reporting Act (the “FCRA”), as amended by the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act, which promotes the accuracy, fairness, and privacy of information in the files of consumer reporting agencies;

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the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act and the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, each of which provide guidelines and limitations concerning the conduct of third-party debt collectors in connection with the collection of consumer debts;

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the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (the “GLBA”), which includes limitations on use and disclosure of nonpublic personal information about a consumer by a financial institution;

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the California Consumer Privacy Act (the “CCPA”), which includes limitations and requirements surrounding the use, disclosure, and other processing of certain personal information about California residents;

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the Bankruptcy Code, which limits the extent to which creditors may seek to enforce debts against parties who have filed for bankruptcy protection;

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the Holder Rule, and equivalent state laws, which make Affirm or any other holder of a consumer credit contract include the required notice and become subject to all claims and defenses that a borrower could assert against the seller of goods or services;

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the Electronic Fund Transfer Act and Regulation E promulgated thereunder, which provide disclosure requirements, guidelines, and restrictions on the electronic transfer of funds from consumers’ bank accounts;

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the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act and similar state laws, particularly the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act, which authorize the creation of legally binding and enforceable agreements utilizing electronic records and signatures;

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the Military Lending Act and similar state laws, which provide disclosure requirements, substantive conduct obligations, and prohibitions on certain behavior relating to loans made to covered borrowers, which include both servicemembers and their dependents;

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the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act, which allows active duty military members to suspend or postpone certain civil obligations so that the military member can devote his or her full attention to military duties; and

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new requirements pursuant to the CARES Act, including requirements relating to collection and credit reporting, though many of the implementing regulations under the CARES Act have not yet been issued.

While we have developed policies and procedures designed to assist in compliance with these laws and regulations, no assurance is given that our compliance policies and procedures will be effective. Failure to comply with these laws and with regulatory requirements applicable to our business could subject us to damages, revocation of licenses, class action lawsuits, administrative enforcement actions, and civil and criminal liability, which may harm our business.

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Our business is subject to extensive regulation, examination, and oversight in a variety of areas, all of which are subject to change and uncertain interpretation. Changing federal, state, and local laws, as well as changing regulatory enforcement policies and priorities, including changes that may result from changes in the political landscape, may negatively impact our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

We are subject to extensive regulation, supervision, and examination by federal and state governmental authorities under United States federal and state laws and regulations. We are required to comply with constantly changing federal, state, and local laws and regulations that regulate, among other things, the terms of the loans that we and our originating bank partner originate and the associated fees that may be charged. A change in these laws that enables our credit scoring and pricing model, including our ability to export interest rates across state lines, could have a material impact on our business model and financial position.

New laws or regulations could also require us to incur significant expenses and devote significant management attention to ensure compliance. In addition, our failure to comply (or to ensure that our agents and third-party service providers comply) with these laws or regulations may result in litigation or enforcement actions, the penalties for which could include: revocation of licenses; fines and other monetary penalties; civil and criminal liability; substantially reduced payments by borrowers; modification of the original terms of loans, permanent forgiveness of debt, or inability to, directly or indirectly, collect all or a part of the principal of or interest on loans; and increased purchases of loan receivables for loans originated by our originating bank partner and indemnification claims.

We are subject to the regulatory and enforcement authority of the CFPB as a facilitator, servicer, or acquirer of consumer credit. The CFPB previously announced that it intends to expand its supervisory authority through the use of “larger participant rules” to cover the markets for consumer installment loans and auto title loans. Were the CFPB to promulgate a rule for the direct supervision of nonbank installment lenders, it is possible that the CFPB could be permitted to conduct periodic examination of our business, which may increase our risk of regulatory or enforcement actions.

State attorneys general have indicated that they will take a more active role in enforcing consumer protection laws, including through use of Dodd-Frank Act provisions that authorize state attorneys general to enforce certain provisions of federal consumer financial laws and obtain civil money penalties and other relief available to the CFPB. Further, we are regulated by many state regulatory agencies through licensing and other supervisory or enforcement authority, which includes regular examination by state governmental authorities.

Such regulatory actions could result in penalties and reputational harm to us and a loss of consumers participating in our platform, and our compliance costs and litigation exposure could increase if the CFPB or other regulatory agencies enact new regulations, change regulations that were previously adopted, modify, through supervision or enforcement, past regulatory guidance, or interpret existing regulations in a manner different or stricter than have been previously interpreted, any of which could adversely affect our ability to perform. Further, in some cases, regardless of fault, it may be less time-consuming or costly to settle these matters, which may require us to implement certain changes to our business practices, provide remediation to certain individuals or make a settlement payment to a given party or regulatory body.

In addition, the next U.S. presidential election will be held on November 3, 2020, and there is a risk that a new presidential administration, or other political developments, could increase requirements that apply to loans facilitated by our platform, or impose new programs and restrictions, including new forbearance initiatives related to the COVID-19 pandemic, and could otherwise revise or create new regulatory requirements that apply to us (or our bank partner), impacting our business, operations, and profitability.

Further, we may not be able to respond quickly or effectively to regulatory, legislative, and other developments, and these changes may in turn impair our ability to offer our existing or planned features, products, and services and/or increase our cost of doing business. In addition, if our practices are not consistent or viewed as not consistent with legal and regulatory requirements, we may become subject to audits, inquiries, whistleblower complaints, adverse media coverage, investigations, or criminal or civil sanctions, all of which may have an adverse effect on our reputation, business, results of operations, and financial condition.

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A substantial majority of the loans facilitated through our platform are originated through Cross River Bank and we rely on our originating bank partner model to comply with various federal, state, and other laws. If the legal structure underlying our relationship with our originating bank partners was successfully challenged, we may be found to be in violation of state licensing requirements and state laws regulating interest rates. In the event of such a challenge or if our arrangements with our originating bank partners were to end for any reason, we would need to rely on an alternative bank relationship, find an alternative bank relationship, rely on existing state licenses, obtain new state licenses, pursue a federal charter, offer consumer loans, and/or be subject to the interest rate limitations of certain states.

There are two examples of claims that have been raised that could each, separately or jointly, result in this outcome in some or all states.

First, the FDIC stated that its Federal Interest Rate Authority Rule was promulgated in part to codify the “valid when made” doctrine due to court decisions such as the one in Madden v. Midland Funding, LLC, 786 F.3d 246 (2d Cir. 2015), cert. denied, 136 S.Ct. 2505 (June 27, 2016). In Madden v. Midland Funding, the Second Circuit ruled that federal preemption generally applicable to national banks did not apply to non-bank assignees if the assignee was not acting on behalf of the bank, if the bank no longer had an interest in the loan, or such determination did not significantly interfere with the bank’s exercise of its federal banking powers. Under this rationale, the Second Circuit did not preempt state interest rate limitations that might apply to the non-bank assignees. The Second Circuit’s holding in the Madden case is binding on federal courts in the states of New York, Connecticut, and Vermont. Following the Madden decision, there have been a number of lawsuits in other parts of the country making similar allegations . Under the Federal Interest Rate Authority Rule promulgated by the FDIC, which is the interest rate authority of state-chartered banks (such as our originating bank partner), the interest rate applicable to a loan originated by a state-chartered bank on the date of origination will carry with the commercial paper (loan) irrespective of ownership (i.e., the interest rate is “valid when made”). The OCC issued a similar rule on May 29, 2020 with respect to loans originated by national banks. State attorneys general of the states of California, New York and Illinois have filed a lawsuit against the OCC alleging that the OCC had no statutory authority to issue its May 29, 2020 rule regarding the permissibility of interest rates on loans purchased from a national bank and failed to follow required procedures in promulgating the rule. State attorneys general of the states of California, Illinois, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, and North Carolina, together with the District of Columbia, filed a similar lawsuit against the FDIC regarding the FDIC Federal Interest Rate Authority Rule. It is uncertain whether these lawsuits will be effective and whether these or other state attorneys general will file similar suits with respect to any other rule regarding the permissibility of interest rates by the FDIC, OCC or other regulators.

Second, there have also been both private litigation and governmental enforcement actions seeking to recharacterize a lending transaction, claiming that the named lender was not the true lender, and that instead another entity was the true lender or the de facto lender. These claims are traditionally based upon state lending laws, other statutory provisions, or state common law through which a private litigant or governmental agency could seek to license, regulate, or prohibit the activities of the entity they consider the true lender or de facto lender. Any such litigation or enforcement action with respect to a loan facilitated through our platform against us, any successor servicer, prior owners, or subsequent transferees of such loans (including our originating bank partner) could subject them to claims for damages, disgorgement, or other penalties or remedies. On July 20, 2020, the OCC proposed a rule setting forth standards for determining the true lender of a loan issued by a national bank. Under this proposal, a national bank makes a loan if, as of the date of origination, the bank (i) is named as the lender in the loan agreement or (ii) funds the loan. It is unclear whether the OCC will issue a final rule on this issue, whether the FDIC will promulgate a similar rule for state-chartered banks (such as our originating bank partner), and whether state attorneys general or regulatory agencies will challenge either the OCC’s true lender rule, if finalized, or any potential rule issued by the FDIC on a similar basis.

Accordingly, it is unclear whether these rules will be given effect by courts and regulators in a manner that actually mitigates risks relating to state interest rate limits and related risks to us, our originating bank

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partner, any other program participant, or the loans facilitated through our platform. We could be subject to litigation, whether private or governmental, or administrative action regarding the above claims. The potential consequences of an adverse determination could include the inability to collect loans at the interest rates contracted for, licensing violations, the loans being found to be unenforceable or void, or the reduction of interest or principal, or other penalties or damages. Third party purchasers of loans facilitated through our platform also may be subject to scrutiny or similar litigation, whether based upon the inability to rely upon the “valid when made” doctrine or because a party other than the originating bank is deemed the true lender.

For more information on our originating bank partner model, see “Business — Regulatory Environment — State licensing requirements and regulation.”

If loans made by us under our state lending licenses are found to violate applicable state interest rate limits or other provisions of applicable state lending and other laws, it could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

The loans originated by our originating bank partner may not be subject to state licensing and interest rate restrictions. However the loans we may originate on our platform pursuant to our state licenses are subject to state licensing and interest rate restrictions, as well as numerous state requirements regarding consumer protection, interest rate, disclosure, prohibitions on certain activities, and loan term lengths. If the loans we originate pursuant to our state licenses were deemed subject to and in violation of certain state consumer finance or other laws, we could be subject to fines, damages, injunctive relief (including required modification or discontinuation of our business in certain areas), and other penalties or consequences, and the loans could be rendered void or unenforceable in whole or in part, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

We partially rely on card issuers or payment processors. If we fail to comply with the applicable requirements of Visa or other payment processors, those payment processors could seek to fine us, suspend us or terminate our registrations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

We partially rely on card issuers or payment processors, and must pay a fee for this service. From time to time, payment processors such as Visa may increase the interchange fees that they charge for each transaction using one of their cards. The payment processors routinely update and modify their requirements. Changes in the requirements, including changes to risk management and collateral requirements, may impact our ongoing cost of doing business and we may not, in every circumstance, be able to pass through such costs to our merchants or associated participants. Furthermore, if we do not comply with the payment processors’ requirements (e.g., their rules, bylaws, and charter documentation), the payment processors could seek to fine us, suspend us or terminate our registrations that allow us to process transactions on their networks. The termination of our registration due to failure to comply with the applicable requirements of Visa or other payment processors, or any changes in the payment processors’ rules that would impair our registration, could require us to stop providing payment services to Visa or other payment processors, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

The highly regulated environment in which our originating bank partner operates could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

Our originating bank partner is subject to federal and state supervision and regulation. Federal regulation of the banking industry, along with tax and accounting laws, regulations, rules, and standards, may limit their operations significantly and control the methods by which it conducts business. In addition, compliance with laws and regulations can be difficult and costly, and changes to laws and regulations can impose additional compliance requirements. Regulatory requirements affect our originating bank partner’s lending practices and investment practices, among other aspects of its business, and restrict transactions between us and our originating bank partner. These requirements may constrain the operations of our originating bank partner, and the adoption of new laws and changes to, or repeal of, existing laws may have a further impact on our business.

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In choosing whether and how to conduct business with us, current and prospective bank partners can be expected to take into account the legal, regulatory, and supervisory regime that applies to them, including potential changes in the application or interpretation of regulatory standards, licensing requirements, or supervisory expectations. Regulators may elect to alter standards or the interpretation of the standards used to measure regulatory compliance or to determine the adequacy of liquidity, certain risk management, or other operational practices for financial services companies in a manner that impacts our current and prospective bank partners.

Furthermore, the regulatory agencies have extremely broad discretion in their interpretation of the regulations and laws and their interpretation of the quality of our originating bank partner’s loan portfolios and other assets. If any regulatory agency’s assessment of the quality of our originating bank partner’s assets, operations, lending practices, investment practices, or other aspects of their business changes, it may reduce our originating bank partner’s earnings, capital ratios, and share price in such a way that affects our business.

Bank holding companies and financial institutions are extensively regulated and currently face an uncertain regulatory environment. Applicable state and federal laws, regulations, interpretations, including licensing laws and regulations, enforcement policies, and accounting principles have been subject to significant changes in recent years, and may be subject to significant future changes. We cannot predict with any degree of certainty the substance or effect of pending or future legislation or regulation or the application of laws and regulations to our current and prospective bank partners. Future changes may have an adverse effect on our current and prospective bank partners and, therefore, on us.

Our use of vendors and our other ongoing third-party business relationships is subject to increasing regulatory requirements and attention.

We regularly use vendors and subcontractors as part of our business. We also depend on our substantial ongoing business relationships with our originating bank partner, merchants, and other third parties. These types of third-party relationships, particularly with our originating bank partner, are subject to increasingly demanding regulatory requirements and oversight by federal bank regulators (such as the Federal Reserve Board, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) and the CFPB. The CFPB has enforcement authority with respect to the conduct of third parties that provide services to financial institutions. The CFPB has made it clear that it expects non-bank entities to maintain an effective process for managing risks associated with vendor relationships, including compliance-related risks. In connection with this vendor risk management process, we are expected to perform due diligence reviews of potential vendors, review their policies and procedures and internal training materials to confirm compliance-related focus, include enforceable consequences in contracts with vendors regarding failure to comply with consumer protection requirements, and take prompt action, including terminating the relationship, in the event that vendors fail to meet our expectations.

It is expected that regulators will hold us responsible for deficiencies in our oversight and control of third-party relationships and in the performance of the parties with which we have these relationships. As a result, if our regulators conclude that we have not exercised adequate oversight and control over vendors and subcontractors or other ongoing third-party business relationships or that such third parties have not performed appropriately, we could be subject to enforcement actions, including civil money penalties or other administrative or judicial penalties or fines, as well as requirements for consumer remediation.

Stringent and changing laws and regulations relating to privacy and data protection could result in claims, harm our results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects, or otherwise harm our business.

We are subject to a variety of laws, rules, directives, and regulations, as well as contractual obligations, relating to the processing of personal information, including personally identifiable information. The regulatory framework for privacy and data protection worldwide is rapidly evolving and, as a result, implementation standards and enforcement practices are likely to continue to evolve for the foreseeable future. Legislators and regulators are increasingly adopting or revising privacy and data protection laws, rules, directives, and regulations that could have a significant impact on our current and planned privacy and data protection-related practices; our processing of consumer or employee information; and our current or planned business activities.

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Compliance with current or future privacy and data protection laws (including those regarding security breach notification) affecting consumer and/or employee data to which we are subject could result in higher compliance and technology costs and could restrict our ability to provide certain products and services (such as products or services that involve us sharing information with third parties or storing sensitive information), which could materially and adversely affect our profitability and could reduce income from certain business initiatives.

We publicly post policies and documentation regarding our practices concerning the processing of data. This publication of our privacy policy and other documentation that provide promises and assurances about privacy and security is required by applicable law and can subject us to proceedings and actions brought by data protection authorities, government entities, or others (including, potentially, in class action proceedings brought by individuals) if our policies are alleged to be deceptive, unfair, or misrepresentative of our actual practices. Although we endeavor to comply with our published policies and documentation, we may at times fail to do so or be alleged to have failed to do so.

We are subject to the GLBA and implementing regulations and guidance. Among other things, the GLBA (i) imposes certain limitations on the ability to share consumers’ nonpublic personal information with nonaffiliated third parties and (ii) requires certain disclosures to consumers about information collection, sharing, and security practices and their right to “opt out” of the institution’s disclosure of their personal financial information to nonaffiliated third parties (with certain exceptions). Privacy requirements, including notice and opt out requirements, under the GLBA and the FCRA are enforced by the FTC and by the CFPB through UDAAP laws and regulations, and are a standard component of CFPB examinations. State entities also may initiate actions for alleged violations of privacy or security requirements under state law.

Furthermore, an increasing number of state, federal, and international jurisdictions have enacted, or are considering enacting, privacy laws, such as the CCPA, which became effective on January 1, 2020, and the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which regulates the collection and use of personal information of data subjects in the EU and the European Economic Area. The CCPA gives residents of California expanded rights to access and delete their personal information, opt out of certain personal information sharing, and receive detailed information about how their personal information is used, and also provides for civil penalties for violations and private rights of action for data breaches. Meanwhile, the GDPR provides data subjects with greater control over the collection and use of their personal information (such as the “right to be forgotten”) and has specific requirements relating to cross-border transfers of personal information to certain jurisdictions, including to the United States, with fines for noncompliance of up to the greater of 20 million euros or up to 4% of the annual global revenue of the noncompliant company. The CCPA, GDPR, and any other applicable state, federal, and international privacy laws, may increase our compliance costs and potential liability.

Our failure, or the failure of any third party with whom we work, to comply with privacy and data protection laws could result in potentially significant regulatory investigations and government actions, litigations, fines, or sanctions, consumer, funding source, bank partner, or merchant actions, and damage to our reputation and brand, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Complying with privacy and data protection laws and regulations may cause us to incur substantial operational costs or require us to change our business practices. We may not be successful in our efforts to achieve compliance either due to internal or external factors, such as resource allocation limitations or a lack of vendor cooperation. We have in the past, and may in the future, receive complaints or notifications from third parties alleging that we have violated applicable privacy and data protection laws and regulations. Non-compliance could result in proceedings against us by governmental entities, consumers, data subjects, or others. We may also experience difficulty retaining or obtaining new consumers in these jurisdictions due to the legal requirements, compliance cost, potential risk exposure, and uncertainty for these entities, and we may experience significantly increased liability with respect to these consumers pursuant to the terms set forth in our engagements with them.

As we continue to expand our operations internationally, we may become subject to various foreign privacy and data protection laws and regulations, which may in some cases be more stringent than the requirements in the jurisdictions in which we currently operate. Because the interpretation and application of many privacy and data protection laws are uncertain, it is possible that these laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our existing data management practices or the features of

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our products and services. If so, in addition to the possibility of fines, lawsuits, regulatory investigations, and other claims and penalties, we could be required to change our business activities and practices or modify our products or services, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business. Any claims regarding our inability to adequately address privacy and security concerns, even if unfounded, or to comply with applicable privacy and data security laws, regulations, contractual requirements, and policies, could result in additional cost and liability to us, damage our reputation, and adversely affect our business. Privacy and data security concerns, whether valid or not, may inhibit market adoption of our products and services, particularly in certain industries and jurisdictions. If we are not able to quickly adjust to changing laws, regulations, and standards related to the internet, our business may be harmed.

We have a pass-through federal obligation to comply with anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing laws, and failure to comply with this obligation could have significant adverse consequences for us.

We maintain an enterprise-wide program designed to enable us to comply with all applicable anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing laws and regulations, including the Bank Secrecy Act and the Patriot Act. This program includes policies, procedures, processes, and other internal controls designed to identify, monitor, manage, and mitigate the risk of money laundering and terrorist financing. These controls include procedures and processes to detect and report potentially suspicious transactions, perform consumer due diligence, respond to requests from law enforcement, and meet all recordkeeping and reporting requirements related to particular transactions involving currency or monetary instruments. We are required to maintain this program under our agreements with our originating bank partners, and certain state regulatory agencies have intimated they expect the program to be in place and followed. We cannot provide any assurance that our programs and controls will be effective to ensure compliance with all applicable anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing laws and regulations we are required to comply with, and our failure to comply with these laws and regulations could result in a breach and termination of our agreements with our originating bank partners or criticism by state governmental agencies, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

If we were found to be operating without having obtained necessary state or local licenses, it could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

Certain states have adopted laws regulating and requiring licensing, registration, notice filing, or other approval by parties that engage in certain activity regarding consumer finance transactions, including facilitating and assisting such transactions in certain circumstances. Furthermore, certain states and localities have also adopted laws requiring licensing, registration, notice filing, or other approval for consumer debt collection or servicing, and/or purchasing or selling consumer loans. We have also received inquiries from state regulatory agencies regarding requirements to obtain licenses from or register with those states, including in states where we have determined that we are not required to obtain such a license or be registered with the state, and we expect to continue to receive such inquiries. The application of some consumer financial licensing laws to our platform and the related activities it performs is unclear. In addition, state licensing requirements may evolve over time, including, in particular, recent trends toward increased licensing requirements and regulation of parties engaged in loan solicitation activities. If we were found to be in violation of applicable state licensing requirements by a court or a state, federal, or local enforcement agency, or agree to resolve such concerns by voluntary agreement, we could be subject to or agree to pay fines, damages, injunctive relief (including required modification or discontinuation of our business in certain areas), criminal penalties, and other penalties or consequences, and the loans facilitated through our platform could be rendered void or unenforceable in whole or in part, any of which could have an adverse effect on the enforceability or collectability of the loans facilitated through our platform. For example, in July 2020, we entered into a consent order with the Massachusetts Department of Banking to resolve potential concerns regarding state law applicability in connection with a license application submitted by us and obtained certain licenses. We also entered into a settlement agreement with the West Virginia’s Attorney General’s office in July 2020 regarding state law applicability with respect to licensing requirements and interest rates.

If we fail to comply with applicable requirements for our high-yield savings account product, our customers’ deposits may not qualify for FDIC insurance and they may withdraw their funds, which could adversely affect our brand, business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

We offer an FDIC-insured, interest-bearing savings account, which is provided by our originating bank partner, on the Affirm app. Under the terms of our program agreement with our originating bank partner

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as well as the deposit account agreements between participating consumers and our originating bank partner, the savings account is opened and maintained by our originating bank partner. We act as the service provider to, among other things, facilitate communication between consumers and our originating bank partner via the Affirm app. We believe our savings account program, including applicable records maintained by us and our originating bank partner, complies with all applicable requirements for each participating consumer’s deposits to be covered by FDIC insurance, up to the applicable maximum deposit insurance amount. However, if the FDIC were to disagree (e.g., because we and our originating bank partner have not adequately evidenced participating consumers’ ownership of each account), the FDIC might not recognize consumers’ claims as covered by deposit insurance in the event our originating bank partner fails and enters receivership proceedings under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (“FDIA”). If the FDIC were to determine that consumers’ claims as covered by deposit insurance, or if our originating bank partner were to actually fail and enter receivership proceedings under the FDIA (regardless of whether the deposits are covered by FDIC insurance), participating consumers may withdraw their funds, which could adversely affect our brand, business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

We also must abide by the terms of the deposit account program agreement with our originating bank partner, failure of which could lead our originating bank partner to terminate the savings account program. If our originating bank partner terminated our savings account program and we were unable to find another bank partner, we may have to close our savings account program, which could adversely affect our brand, business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

We have been in the past and may in the future be subject to federal and state regulatory inquiries and general litigation regarding our business.

We have, from time to time in the normal course of our business, received, and may in the future receive or be subject to, inquiries or investigations by state and federal regulatory agencies and bodies such as the CFPB, state attorneys general, state financial regulatory agencies, and other state or federal agencies or bodies regarding our platform, including the origination and servicing of consumer loans, practices by merchants or other third parties, and licensing and registration requirements. Any such inquiries or investigations could involve substantial time and expense to analyze and respond to, could divert management’s attention and other resources from running our business, and could lead to public enforcement actions or lawsuits, or result in fines, penalties, injunctive relief, consumer remediation, increased compliance costs, limit the ability to offer certain products or services or engage in certain business practices, damage our reputation, or result in the need to obtain additional licenses that we do not currently possess. Our involvement in any such matters, whether tangential or otherwise and even if the matters are ultimately determined in our favor, could also cause significant harm to our reputation, lead to additional investigations and enforcement actions from other agencies or litigants, and further divert management attention and resources from the operation of our business. As a result, the outcome of legal and regulatory actions arising out of any state or federal inquiries we receive could be material to and/or have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, future prospects, and cash flows.

While certain of our consumer agreements contain arbitration provisions with class action waiver provisions that may limit our exposure to consumer class action litigation, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in enforcing these arbitration provisions, including the class action waiver provisions, in the future or in any given case. Legislative, administrative, or regulatory developments may directly or indirectly prohibit or limit the use of pre-dispute arbitration clauses and class action waiver provisions. Any such prohibitions or limitations on or discontinuation of the use of, such arbitration or class action waiver provisions could subject us to additional lawsuits, including additional consumer class action litigation, and significantly limit our ability to avoid exposure from consumer class action litigation.

Regulatory agencies and consumer advocacy groups are becoming more aggressive in asserting “disparate impact” claims, particularly with respect to credit models that utilize machine learning or other automated underwriting.

Antidiscrimination statutes, such as the ECOA, prohibit creditors from discriminating against loan applicants and consumers on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, marital status or age or because an applicant receives income from a public assistance program or has in good faith exercised any right under the Consumer Credit Protection Act.

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We face the risk that one or more of the variables included in our loan decisioning model may be invalidated under the disparate impact test, which would require us to revise the loan decisioning model in a manner that might generate lower approval rates or higher credit losses. In addition, our use of machine learning in our models could inadvertently result in a “disparate impact” on protected groups. Although we proactively monitor and test our models for such a disparate impact, we may be unable to identify and eliminate all practices or variables causing the disparate impact.

Risks Related to this Offering and our Common Stock

An active trading market for our common stock may never develop or be sustained, which may cause shares of our common stock to trade at a discount from the initial public offering price and you may not be able to resell your shares at or above the initial public offering price.

Prior to this offering, there has not been a public trading market for shares of our common stock. It is possible that an active trading market for our common stock will not develop or continue or, if developed, that it will not be sustained, which would make it difficult for you to sell your shares of common stock at an attractive price or at all. The initial public offering price per share of our common stock will be determined by agreement between us and the underwriters and may not be indicative of the price at which shares of our common stock will trade in the public market after this offering. The market price of our common stock may decline below the initial public offering price, and you may not be able to sell your shares of our common stock at or above the price you paid in this offering or at all.

The market price of our common stock may be volatile, which could cause the value of your investment to decline.

Even if a trading market develops, the market price of our common stock may be highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations. In addition, the trading volume in our common stock may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. Securities markets worldwide experience significant price and volume fluctuations. This market volatility, as well as general economic, market, and political conditions, could reduce the market price of shares of our common stock in spite of our operating performance. In addition, our results of operations could be below the expectations of public market analysts and investors due to a number of potential factors, including variations in our quarterly or annual results of operations, additions or departures of key management personnel, the loss of our originating bank partner or key funding sources or merchants, and changes in our earnings estimates (if provided). Also, the publication of research reports about our industry, litigation and government investigations, changes or proposed changes in laws or regulations or differing interpretations or enforcement thereof affecting our business, adverse market reaction to any indebtedness we may incur or securities we may issue in the future, changes in market valuations of similar companies or speculation in the press or the investment community with respect to us or our industry, adverse announcements by us or others and developments affecting us, announcements by our competitors of significant contracts, acquisitions, dispositions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments, actions by institutional stockholders, and increases in market interest rates that may lead investors in our shares to demand a higher yield, could result in the significant decrease of the market price of shares of our common stock. You may be unable to resell your shares of common stock at or above the initial public offering price or at all.

These broad market and industry factors may decrease the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. The stock market in general has, from time to time, experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations. In addition, in the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against these companies. Such litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources.

We have broad discretion over the use of net proceeds from this offering and we may not use them effectively.

We cannot specify with any certainty the particular uses of the net proceeds that we will receive from this offering. Our management will have broad discretion in the application of net proceeds from this offering, including for any of the purposes described in “Use of Proceeds,” and you will not have the opportunity as

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part of your investment decision to assess whether the net proceeds are being used appropriately. The failure by our management to apply these proceeds effectively could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. Pending their use, we may invest our proceeds in a manner that does not produce income or that loses value. Our investments may not yield a favorable return to our investors and may negatively impact the price of our common stock.

Investors in this offering will experience immediate and substantial dilution.

The initial public offering price is substantially higher than the pro forma net tangible book value per share of our common stock immediately following this offering. Therefore, if you purchase shares of our common stock in this offering, based on the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and the issuance by us of shares of common stock in this offering, you will experience immediate dilution of $ per share, the difference between the price per share you pay for our common stock and its pro forma net tangible book value per share as of June 30, 2020. Furthermore, if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares, if outstanding stock options are exercised or outstanding restricted stock units are settled, if we issue awards to our employees under our equity incentive plans, or if we otherwise issue additional shares of our common stock, you could experience further dilution. As a result of the dilution to investors purchasing shares in this offering, investors may receive less than the purchase price paid in this offering, if anything, in the event of our liquidation. See the section titled “Dilution” for additional information.

We will incur increased costs and become subject to additional regulations and requirements as a result of becoming a public company, and our management will be required to devote substantial time to new compliance matters, which could lower profits and make it more difficult to run our business.

As a public company, we expect to incur significant legal, accounting, reporting, and other expenses that we have not incurred as a private company, including costs associated with public company reporting requirements and costs of recruiting and retaining non-executive directors. We also have incurred, and will continue to incur, costs associated with compliance with the rules and regulations of the SEC, the listing requirements of Nasdaq, and various other costs of a public company. The expenses generally incurred by public companies for reporting and corporate governance purposes have been increasing. We expect these rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some activities more time-consuming and costly, although we are currently unable to estimate these costs with any degree of certainty. Our management will need to devote a substantial amount of time to ensure that we comply with all of these requirements. These laws and regulations also could make it more difficult and costly for us to obtain certain types of insurance, including director and officer liability insurance, and we may be forced to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. These laws and regulations could also make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors and board committees and serve as executive officers.

Furthermore, if we are unable to satisfy our obligations as a public company, we could be subject to delisting of our common stock, fines, sanctions, and other regulatory action and potentially civil litigation.

Failure to comply with the requirements to design, implement, and maintain effective internal controls could have an adverse effect on our business and stock price.

As a public company, we will have significant requirements for enhanced financial reporting and internal controls. The process of designing and implementing effective internal controls is a continuous effort that requires us to anticipate and react to changes in our business and the economic and regulatory environment and to expend significant resources to maintain a system of internal controls that is adequate to satisfy our reporting obligations as a public company.

If we are unable to establish and maintain appropriate internal financial reporting controls and procedures, it could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations on a timely basis, result in material misstatements in our consolidated financial statements and harm our operating results. In addition, beginning with our second annual report following this offering, we will be required pursuant to SEC rules to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. This assessment will need to include disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by our

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management in internal control over financial reporting. In addition, our independent registered public accounting firm will be required to formally attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to the SEC rules commencing the later of the year following our first annual report required to be filed with the SEC, or the date we are no longer an “emerging growth company” (as defined in the JOBS Act). See “— We are an ‘emerging growth company,’ as defined under the federal securities laws, and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our common stock less attractive to investors.” Testing and maintaining internal controls may divert our management’s attention from other matters that are important to our business. We may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the SEC rules or our independent registered public accounting firm may not issue an unqualified opinion. If either we are unable to conclude that we have effective internal control over financial reporting or our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to provide us with an unqualified report, investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could cause the price of our common stock to decline and could subject us to investigation or sanctions by the SEC.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined under the federal securities laws, and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Securities Act, and we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including, among other things, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, an extended transition period provided in the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards, and reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding stockholder advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. As a result, our stockholders may not have access to certain information that they may deem important.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (i) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of this offering, (ii) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenues of at least $1.07 billion, (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period and (iv) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the prior June 30th. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock, our stock price may be more volatile and the price of our common stock may decline.

Sales, directly or indirectly, of a substantial amount of our common stock in the public markets by our existing security holders may cause the price of our common stock to decline.

The price of our common stock could decline if there are substantial sales of our common stock, particularly sales by our directors, executive officers, and significant stockholders, or if there is the perception that these sales could occur. Many of our existing security holders have substantial unrecognized gains on the value of the equity they hold, and may take, or attempt to take, steps to sell, directly or indirectly, their shares or otherwise secure, or limit the risk to, the value of their unrecognized gains on those shares.

Upon completion of this offering, we will have outstanding shares of common stock, based on the number of shares outstanding as of June 30, 2020. All of the shares of common stock sold in this offering will be available for sale in the public market, except that shares held by our affiliates, as defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act, may only be sold in compliance with Rule 144. Substantially all of our security holders have entered into market standoff agreements with us restricting the sale of any shares of our common stock or will enter into lock-up agreements with the underwriters under which they will agree, subject to certain exceptions, not to sell any shares of our common stock until at least 180 days after the date of this prospectus, as described in “Shares Eligible for Future Sale.” may, in their discretion, permit our stockholders to sell shares prior to the expiration of the restrictive provisions contained in these lock-up agreements.

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After our initial public offering, certain of our stockholders will have rights, subject to some conditions, including the terms of the lock-up agreements with the underwriters, to require us to file registration statements covering their shares that we may file for ourselves or our stockholders. In addition, as of June 30, 2020, we had stock options and restricted stock units outstanding that, if fully exercised or settled, would result in the issuance of an aggregate of 50,771,657 shares of our common stock. All of the shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options and settlement of restricted stock units, and the shares reserved for future issuance under our equity incentive plans, will be registered for public resale under the Securities Act.

The issuance by us of additional equity securities may dilute your ownership and adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

After this offering and the use of proceeds to us therefrom, we will have an aggregate of shares of common stock authorized but unissued. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation will authorize us to issue these shares of common stock and rights relating to common stock for the consideration and on the terms and conditions established by our board of directors in its sole discretion, whether in connection with acquisitions or otherwise. Any common stock that we issue, including under any equity incentive plans that we may adopt in the future, would dilute the percentage ownership held by the investors who purchase common stock in this offering.

In the future, we may attempt to obtain financing or to further increase our capital resources by issuing additional shares of our common stock or securities convertible into shares of our common stock or offering debt or other securities. We could also issue shares of our common stock or securities convertible into our common stock or debt or other securities in connection with acquisitions or other strategic transactions. Issuing additional shares of our common stock or securities convertible into shares of our common stock or debt or other securities may dilute the economic and voting rights of our existing stockholders and would likely reduce the market price of our common stock. Upon liquidation, holders of debt securities and preferred shares, if issued, and lenders with respect to other borrowings would receive a distribution on our distributable assets prior to the holders of our common stock. Debt securities convertible into equity securities could be subject to adjustments in the conversion ratio pursuant to which certain events may increase the number of equity securities issuable upon conversion. Preferred shares, if issued, could have a preference with respect to liquidating distribution or preferences with respect to dividend payments that could limit our ability to pay dividends to the holders of our common stock. Our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, which may adversely affect the amount, timing, and nature of our future offerings. As a result, holders of our common stock bear the risk that our future offerings may reduce the market price of our common stock and dilute their stockholdings in us.

We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings to finance the operation and expansion of our business, and we do not expect to declare or pay any dividends for the foreseeable future.

Delaware law and certain provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws that will be in effect at the closing of this offering could make a merger, tender offer, or proxy contest difficult, thereby adversely affecting the market price of our common stock.

Our status as a Delaware corporation and the anti-takeover provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”) may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control by prohibiting us from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder for a period of three years after the person becomes an interested stockholder, even if a change of control would be beneficial to our existing stockholders. In addition, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws will contain provisions that may make the acquisition of our company more difficult, including the following:

•

our board of directors is classified into three classes of directors with staggered three-year terms and directors are only able to be removed from office for cause;

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•

certain amendments to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation will require the approval of 662∕3% of the then-outstanding voting power of our capital stock;

•

our amended and restated bylaws will provide that the affirmative vote of 662∕3% of the then-outstanding voting power of our capital stock, voting as a single class, is required for stockholders to amend or adopt any provision of our bylaws;

•

our stockholders will only be able to take action at a meeting of stockholders and not by written consent;

•

vacancies on our board of directors will be able to be filled only by our board of directors and not by stockholders;

•

no provision in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or amended and restated bylaws provides for cumulative voting, which limits the ability of minority stockholders to elect director candidates;

•

only our chairman of the board of directors, our chief executive officer, our president, or another officer selected by a majority of the board of directors are authorized to call a special meeting of stockholders;

•

certain litigation against us can only be brought in Delaware;

•

nothing in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation precludes future issuances without stockholder approval of the authorized but unissued shares of our common stock;

•

our amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorizes undesignated preferred stock, the terms of which may be established and shares of which may be issued, without the approval of the holders of our capital stock; and

•

advance notice procedures apply for stockholders to nominate candidates for election as directors or to bring matters before an annual meeting of stockholders.

These anti-takeover defenses could discourage, delay or prevent a transaction involving a change in control of our company. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for stockholders to elect directors of their choosing and to cause us to take other corporate actions they desire, any of which, under certain circumstances, could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our common stock, and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws will contain exclusive forum provisions for certain claims, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation that will be in effect upon completion of this offering, to the fullest extent permitted by law, will provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty; any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to the DGCL, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, or our amended and restated bylaws; or any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. As described below, this provision will not apply to suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or Exchange Act, or rules and regulations thereunder.

Moreover, Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all claims brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder and our amended and restated bylaws will provide that the federal district courts of the United States of America will, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. Our decision to adopt such a federal forum provision followed a decision by the Supreme Court of the State of Delaware holding that such provisions are facially valid under Delaware law. While there can be no assurance that federal or state

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courts will follow the holding of the Delaware Supreme Court or determine that our federal forum provision should be enforced in a particular case, application of our federal forum provision means that suits brought by our stockholders to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act must be brought in federal court and cannot be brought in state court.

Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all claims brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder and neither the exclusive forum provision nor our federal forum provision applies to suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act. Accordingly, actions by our stockholders to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder must be brought in federal court. Our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the regulations promulgated thereunder.

Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring or holding any interest in any of our securities shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to our exclusive forum provisions, including the Federal Forum Provision. Additionally, our stockholders cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. These provisions may limit our stockholders’ ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum they find favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers, and other employees. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and/or amended and restated bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

In making your investment decision, you should understand that we and the underwriters have not authorized any other party to provide you with information concerning us or this offering.

You should carefully evaluate all of the information in this prospectus. We have in the past received, and may continue to receive, media coverage, including coverage that is not directly attributable to statements made by our officers and employees, that incorrectly reports on statements made by our officers or employees, or that is misleading as a result of omitting information provided by us, our officers, or employees. We and the underwriters have not authorized any other party to provide you with information concerning us or this offering.

If securities and industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will depend, in part, on the research and reports that securities and industry analysts publish about us and our business. Securities and industry analysts do not currently, and may never, cover our company. If securities and industry analysts do not commence coverage of our company, the trading price of our stock would likely be negatively impacted. In the event securities or industry analysts initiate coverage, if one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our stock could decrease, which might cause our stock price and trading volume to decline.

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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements. All statements contained in this prospectus other than statements of historical fact, including statements regarding our future operating results and financial position, our business strategy and plans, market growth, and our objectives for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “potentially,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “would,” “project,” “target,” “plan,” “expect,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements.

Forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus include, but are not limited to, statements about:

•

our ability to retain and grow our relationships with consumers and merchants;

•

our ability to expand our consumer and merchant reach;

•

general economic conditions and uncertainties affecting markets in which we operate and economic volatility that could adversely impact our business, including the COVID-19 pandemic;

•

our ability to compete successfully in our industry against current and future competitors;

•

our ability to comply with existing, modified, or new laws and regulations applicable to our business, and potential harm to our business as a result of those laws and regulations;

•

the availability of our funding sources;

•

fluctuations in our operating results;

•

failure to maintain, enhance, and protect our brand;

•

our ability to effectively price and score credit risk using our proprietary risk model;

•

our ability to grow our share of the e-commerce sales and omni-channel commerce markets;

•

our ability to capture customer acquisition spend by merchants in the United States;

•

our ability to innovate and build new impactful products;

•

our ability to expand to more high frequency purchases;

•

liability associated with content and privacy of data of our consumers;

•

our ability to expand to new markets;

•

our estimated total addressable market; and

•

our anticipated use of the net proceeds from this offering.

We caution you that the foregoing list may not contain all of the forward-looking statements made in this prospectus.

These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, including those described in the section titled “Risk Factors.” Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment, and new risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, the future events and trends discussed in this prospectus may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, performance, or achievements. We undertake no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this prospectus or to conform these statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations, except as required by law.

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In addition, statements that “we believe” and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this prospectus, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements.

You should read this prospectus and the documents that we reference in this prospectus and have filed with the SEC as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part with the understanding that our actual future results, performance, and events and circumstances may be materially different from what we expect.

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INDUSTRY, MARKET, AND OTHER DATA

This prospectus contains estimates and information concerning our industry, including market position and the size and growth rates of the markets in which we participate, that are based on industry publications and reports or other publicly available information, and our business and platform, that is based on third-party surveys commissioned by us and our internal sources. This information involves a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to these estimates. Industry surveys and publications generally state that the information contained therein has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but there can be no assurance as to the accuracy and completeness of the included information. We have not independently verified this third-party information. Similarly, third-party surveys commissioned by us, while believed by us to be reliable, are based on limited sample sizes and have not been independently verified by us.

While we are not aware of any misstatements regarding any industry or similar data presented herein, such data involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed under the “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” sections in this prospectus.

Certain information in the text of this prospectus is contained in independent industry publications. The source of these independent industry publications is provided below:

•

eMarketer: Global Ecommerce June 2020;

•

The Nilson Report: Issue 1176 May 2020;

•

Worldpay: Global Payments Report January 2020;

•

Harris Poll survey: available at https://martechseries.com/analytics/b2b-data/ondots-harris-poll-
reveals-consumers-open-receiving-financial-services-tech-companies/
#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20survey%2C%2064,those%20ages%2018%20to%2034;

•

Center for Responsible Lending: available at https://www.responsiblelending.org/media/new-overdraft-report-urges-congress-regulators-banks-halt-burdensome-bank-fees-threaten;

•

Statista: available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/242512/online-retail-visitors-in-the-us-by-age-group/;

•

Paysafe: available at: https://www.paysafe.com/blog/is-generation-z-shaping-the-future-of-payments/;

•

LendingTree: available at: https://www.magnifymoney.com/blog/news/u-s-credit-card-debt-by-the-numbers628618371/;

•

NerdWallet: available at: https://www.nerdwallet.com/blog/credit-card-data/2019-consumer-credit-card-report/#footnote-one; and

•

The B2B Lead: 101 B2B Marketing and Sales Tips, Volume Four: Marketing and Sales Alignment.

Information contained on or accessible through the website referenced above is not a part of this prospectus and the inclusion of the website address referenced above in this prospectus is an inactive textual reference only.

In addition, certain information in this prospectus is based on a survey commissioned by us that was conducted by Informa Business Intelligence from November 1, 2019 to January 31, 2020.

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USE OF PROCEEDS

We estimate that the net proceeds to us from the sale of shares of our common stock in this offering will be approximately $ million, based on the assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. If the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares in full, we estimate that the net proceeds will be approximately $ million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

Each $1.00 increase or decrease in the assumed initial public offering price would increase or decrease, respectively, the net proceeds to us by approximately $ million, assuming the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions.

The principal purposes of this offering are to increase our capitalization and financial flexibility and to create a public market for our common stock.

We intend to use the net proceeds for general corporate purposes, including working capital, sales and marketing, engineering and technology, and corporate development.

We cannot specify with certainty the particular uses for the net proceeds from this offering. Accordingly, we will have broad discretion over the uses of the net proceeds of this offering.

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DIVIDEND POLICY

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings for use in the operation of our business and do not anticipate paying any dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. The amounts available to us to pay cash dividends are restricted by covenants in or other terms of our existing and future funding agreements, other debt, or preferred securities. The declaration and payment of dividends will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on various factors, including our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, prospects, and other factors deemed relevant by our Board of Directors.

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CAPITALIZATION

The following table sets forth our cash and cash equivalents and capitalization as of June 30, 2020, as follows:

•

on an actual basis; and

•

on a pro forma basis, giving effect to (1) the issuance of 21,824,141 shares of Series G preferred stock for aggregate cash proceeds of $434.9 million, and the conversion of our convertible notes with an aggregate principal amount plus accrued interest of $75.3 million into 4,444,321 shares of Series G-1 redeemable convertible preferred stock, as if such transaction occurred on June 30, 2020, (2) the automatic conversion of all shares of our redeemable convertible preferred stock (including the Series G and Series G-1 redeemable convertible preferred stock referred to in clause (1)) into 148,384,433 shares of our common stock, as if such conversion had occurred on June 30, 2020; (3) the issuance of 20,297,595 warrants to Shopify Inc. and the partial exercise of such warrants, as if such issuance and exercise had occurred on June 30, 2020; (4) the automatic net exercise of all of our automatically exercisable warrants (including the unexercised warrants referred to in clause (3)) into shares of our common stock, as if such exercise and conversion had occurred on June 30, 2020, based upon the assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated offering price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus; (5) the filing and effectiveness of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation in Delaware that will become effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering; and (6) the recognition of share-based compensation expense of $12.3 million associated with RSUs for which the service condition was satisfied as of June 30, 2020, and for which the performance condition will be satisfied upon the completion of this offering, which has been reflected as an increase to additional paid-in capital and accumulated deficit (these RSUs are excluded from the pro forma and pro forma as adjusted information set forth in the table below because the underlying shares of common stock will be issued subsequent to the completion of this offering); and

•

on a pro forma as adjusted basis to give effect to (1) the pro forma adjustments set forth above and (2) the sale by us of shares of common stock in this offering at the assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated offering price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and our receipt of the estimated net proceeds from this offering after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us (assuming no exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares from us).

The pro forma as adjusted information set forth in the table below is illustrative only and will be adjusted based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing. You should read this table in conjunction with the information contained in “Use of Proceeds,” “Selected Consolidated Financial and Other Information” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of

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Financial Condition and Results of Operations” as well as our consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this prospectus.

	As of June 30, 2020
	Actual			Pro Forma		Pro Forma As Adjusted
	(in thousands, except share and per share data)
Cash and cash equivalents		$	267,059
Convertible debt			74,222		—			—
Redeemable convertible preferred stock, $0.00001 par value per share: 124,453,009 shares authorized, 122,115,971 shares issued and outstanding, actual; no shares authorized, issued and outstanding, pro forma and pro forma as adjusted			804,170
Stockholders’ deficit:
Common stock, $0.00001 par value per share, 232,000,000 shares authorized, 47,684,427 shares issued and outstanding, actual; shares authorized, shares issued and outstanding, pro forma; shares authorized, shares issued and outstanding, pro forma as adjusted			—
Additional paid-in capital			80,373
Accumulated deficit			(447,167)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss			(302)
Total stockholders’ deficit		$	(367,096)				$
Total capitalization(1)		$	1,402,251				$

(1)

Does not include funding debt.

A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $ per share would increase (decrease) pro forma as adjusted cash and cash equivalents, additional paid-in capital, total stockholders’ equity (deficit), and total capitalization by approximately $ million, assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

If the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares from us were exercised in full, pro forma as adjusted cash and cash equivalents, additional paid-in-capital, total stockholders’ equity (deficit), total capitalization, and shares of common stock outstanding as of June 30, 2020 would be $ , $ , $ , $ , and shares respectively.

The pro forma and pro forma as adjusted number of shares of common stock to be outstanding after this offering is based on shares of common stock outstanding as of June 30, 2020 and excludes:

•

8,235,170 shares of our common stock issuable upon the vesting of RSUs outstanding as of June 30, 2020;

•

736,878 shares of our common stock issuable upon the vesting of outstanding RSUs granted after June 30, 2020; and

•

5,448,322 shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under our equity compensation plans.

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DILUTION

If you invest in our common stock, your ownership interest will be diluted to the extent of the difference between the initial public offering price per share of our common stock in this offering and the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of our common stock after this offering. Dilution results from the fact that the per share offering price of our common stock is substantially in excess of the pro forma net tangible book value per share attributable to our existing stockholders.

Our historical net tangible book value as of June 30, 2020 was $434.1 million or $9.09 per share of common stock. Our pro forma net tangible book value as of June 30, 2020, was $ or $ per share of common stock. Pro forma net tangible book value per share represents the amount of our total tangible assets less total liabilities, divided by the aggregate number of shares of our common stock outstanding as of June 30, 2020, on a pro forma basis, after giving effect to (1) issuance of 21,824,141 shares of Series G preferred stock for aggregate cash proceeds of $434.9 million, and the automatic conversion of our convertible notes with an aggregate principal amount plus accrued interest of $75.3 million into 4,444,321 shares of Series G-1 redeemable convertible preferred stock, as if such transaction occurred on June 30, 2020; (2) the automatic conversion of all shares of our redeemable convertible preferred stock (including the Series G and Series G-1 redeemable convertible preferred stock referred to in clause (1)) into 148,384,433 shares of our common stock, as if such conversion had occurred on June 30, 2020; (3) the issuance of 20,297,595 warrants to Shopify Inc. and the partial exercise of such warrants, as if such issuance and exercise had occurred on June 30, 2020; (4) the automatic net exercise of our automatically exercisable warrants (including the unexercised warrants referred to in clause (3)) into shares of our common stock, as if such exercise and conversion had occurred on June 30, 2020, based upon the assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated offering price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus; (5) the filing and effectiveness of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation in Delaware that will become effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering; and (6) the recognition of share-based compensation expense of $12.3 million associated with RSUs for which the service condition was satisfied as of June 30, 2020, and for which the performance condition will be satisfied upon the completion of this offering, which has been reflected as an increase to additional paid-in capital and accumulated deficit.

After giving effect to the sale of the shares of our common stock in this offering, at an assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by us, our pro forma net tangible book value as of June 30, 2020 would have been approximately $ or approximately $ per share of common stock. This represents an immediate increase in pro forma net tangible book value to existing stockholders of $ per share and an immediate dilution to new investors of $ per share. The following table illustrates this per share dilution:

Assumed initial public offering price

Historical net tangible book value per share as of June 30, 2020

Pro forma net tangible book value per share as of June 30, 2020

Increase in pro forma net tangible book value per share attributable to new investors

Pro forma net tangible book value per share attributable to this offering

Dilution in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share to investors in this offering

A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $ per share would increase (decrease) our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value by approximately $ or approximately $ per share, and the dilution in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share to investors in this offering by approximately $ per share, assuming the number of shares offering by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. This pro forma information is illustrative only, and following the completion of this offering, will be adjusted based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing.

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If the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares in full, the pro forma net tangible book value per share of our common stock after giving effect to this offering would be $ per share, and the dilution in net tangible book value per share to investors in this offering would be $ per share.

The following table sets forth, on a pro forma as adjusted basis, the differences between existing stockholders and new investors with respect to the number of shares of common stock purchased from us, the total consideration paid, and the average price per share of our common stock paid by existing stockholders. The calculation with respect to shares purchased by new investors in this offering reflects the issuance of shares of our common stock in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated offering price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

	Shares Purchased			Total Consideration				Average Price Per Share
	Number	Percent		Amount		Percent		Average Price Per Share
Existing shareholders			%		$		%		$
New investors			%		$		%		$
Total			100%		$		100%		$

If the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares in full, the number of shares of our common stock held by new investors will increase to % of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding after this offering.

To the extent that any outstanding options are exercised, outstanding RSUs settle, new options or RSUs are issued under our equity compensation plans, or we issue additional shares of common stock or convertible debt in the future, investors participating in this offering will experience further dilution.

The pro forma and pro forma as adjusted number of shares of common stock to be outstanding after this offering is based on shares of common stock outstanding as of June 30, 2020, which includes (i) 148,384,433 shares of our common stock to be issued upon the automatic conversion of all shares of our redeemable convertible preferred stock (including our Series G and Series G-1 redeemable convertible preferred stock) and (ii) shares of our common stock to be issued upon the automatic net exercise of all of our automatically exercisable warrants immediately prior to the completion of this offering, based upon the assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated offering price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and, in the case of the pro forma as adjusted number of shares, shares to be sold in the offering, and excludes:

•

8,235,170 shares of our common stock issuable upon the vesting of RSUs outstanding as of June 30, 2020;

•

736,878 shares of our common stock issuable upon the vesting of outstanding RSUs granted after June 30, 2020; and

•

5,448,322 shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under our equity compensation plans.

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SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL AND OTHER DATA

The following summary consolidated statement of operations data for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, and the consolidated balance sheet data as of June 30, 2019 and 2020, have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected in the future. You should read the consolidated financial data below in conjunction with the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any other period in the future.

	For the Fiscal Year Ended June 30,
	2019			2020
	(in thousands, except share and per share data)
Consolidated Statements of Operations Data
Revenue
Merchant network revenue		$	132,363		$	256,752
Virtual card network revenue			7,911			19,340
Interest income			119,404			186,730
Gain (loss) on sales of loans			(440)			31,907
Servicing income			5,129			14,799
Total revenues, net		$	264,367		$	509,528
Operating expenses
Loss on loan purchase commitment		$	73,383		$	161,452
Provision for credit losses			78,025			105,067
Funding costs			25,895			32,316
Processing and servicing(1)			32,669			49,831
Technology and data analytics(1)			76,071			122,378
Sales and marketing(1)			16,863			25,044
General and administrative(1)			88,902			121,230
Total operating expenses			391,808			617,318
Operating loss		$	(127,441)		$	(107,790)
Other income (expense), net			7,022			(4,432)
Loss before income taxes		$	(120,419)		$	(112,222)
Income tax expense			(36)			(376)
Net loss		$	(120,455)		$	(112,598)
Excess return to preferred stockholders on repurchase			(14,113)			(13,205)
Net loss attributable to common stockholders		$	(134,568)		$	(125,803)
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted		$	(2.84)		$	(2.64)
Weighted-average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted			47,345,328			47,856,720
Pro forma net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted (unaudited)					$	(0.73)
Pro forma weighted-average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted (unaudited)						171,764,609

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(1)

Includes stock-based compensation expense as follows:

	For the Fiscal Year Ended June 30,
	2019			2020
	(in thousands)
Processing and servicing		$	132		$	82
Technology and data analytics			13,913			12,285
Sales and marketing			4,179			4,040
General and administrative			22,647			13,682
Total stock-based compensation expense		$	40,871		$	30,089

	As of June 30, 2020
	2019			2020
	(in thousands)
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data
Cash and cash equivalents		$	320,448		$	267,059
Loans held for investment			735,414			1,034,312
Total assets			1,148,505			1,402,251
Funding debt			569,234			817,926
Redeemable convertible preferred stock			798,074			804,170
Total stockholders’ deficit			(263,414)			(367,096)

Key Operating Metrics and Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We collect and analyze operating and financial data of our business to assess our performance, formulate financial projections, and make strategic decisions. In addition to total revenues, net, operating loss, net loss, and other results under GAAP, the following table sets forth key operating metrics and non-GAAP financial measures we use to evaluate our business.

	Fiscal Year Ended June 30,
	2019		2020
	(in thousands, except per consumer and percent data)
Gross Merchandise Volume (GMV) ($)(1)		2,620,059		4,637,220
Active Consumers(2)		2,045		3,618
Transactions per Active Consumer (x)(3)		2.0		2.1
Contribution Profit ($)(4)		64,945		180,479
Contribution Profit as % of GMV (%)(5)		2.5		3.9

(1)

We define GMV as the total dollar amount of all transactions on the Affirm platform during the period, net of refunds.

(2)

We define an active consumer as a consumer who engages in at least one transaction on our platform during the 12 months prior to the measurement date.

(3)

We define transactions per active consumer as the average number of transactions that an active consumer has conducted on our platform during the 12 months prior to the measurement date.

(4)

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in our GAAP interest income, (ii) the unamortized discount released on loans sold to third-party loan buyers, (iii) provision for credit losses, (iv) funding costs, and (v) processing and servicing expense.

(5)

We define contribution profit as a percentage of GMV as the contribution profit divided by the GMV for that period.

Contribution Profit

We purchase loans from our originating bank partner that are processed through our platform and our bank partner puts back to us. Under the terms of the agreement with our originating bank partner, we are generally required to pay the principal amount plus accrued interest for such loans. In certain instances, our originating bank partner may originate loans with zero or below market interest rates. In these instances, we may be required to purchase the loan for a price in excess of the fair market value of such loans, which results in a loss. We recognize these losses on loan purchase commitment in our consolidated statements of operations.

In addition, our management uses contribution profit and contribution profit as a percentage of GMV in conjunction with financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP for planning purposes, including the preparation of our annual operating budget, as a measure of our operating results and the effectiveness of our business strategy, and in evaluating our financial performance.

•

contribution profit is not intended to be a measure of operating profit or loss as it is excludes key operating expenses such as technology and data analytics, sales and marketing, and general and administrative expenses; and

•

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The following table presents a reconciliation of operating loss to contribution profit for each of the periods indicated:

	For the Fiscal Year Ended June 30,
	2019			2020
	(in thousands, except percent data)
Operating loss		$	(127,441)		$	(107,790)
Add back: Technology and data analytics			76,071			122,378
Add back: Sales and marketing			16,863			25,044
Add back: General and administrative			88,902			121,230
Add back: Loss on loan purchase commitment			73,383			161,452
Less: Amortization of discount(1)			(21,833)			(35,251)
Less: Unamortized discount released on loans sold(1)			(41,000)			(106,584)
Contribution profit		$	64,945		$	180,479
GMV		$	2,620,059		$	4,637,220
Contribution profit as a percentage of GMV			2.5%			3.9%

(1)

The following table details activity for the discount included in loans held for investment for the years ended June 30 (in thousands):

	2019			2020
Balance at the beginning of the period		$	5,201		$	13,068
Additions from loans purchased, net of refunds			70,700			157,426
Amortization of discount			(21,833)			(35,251)
Unamortized discount released on loans sold			(41,000)			(106,584)
Balance at the end of the period		$	13,068		$	28,659

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the section titled “Selected Consolidated Financial and Other Data” and the consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis, including information with respect to our planned investments to drive future growth, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. You should review the sections titled “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” for a discussion of forward-looking statements and important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.

Overview

We are building the next generation platform for digital and mobile-first commerce. We believe by using modern technology, the very best engineering talent, and a mission-driven approach, we can reinvent the payment experience. Our solutions, which are built on trust and transparency, make it easier for consumers to spend responsibly and with confidence, easier for merchants to convert sales and grow, and easier for commerce to thrive.

Our point-of-sale solution allows consumers to pay for purchases in fixed amounts without deferred interest, hidden fees, or penalties. We empower consumers to pay over time rather than paying for a product entirely upfront. This increases consumers’ purchasing power and gives them more control and flexibility. Our platform facilitates both true 0% APR payment options and interest bearing loans. On the merchant side, we offer commerce solutions that are highly effective demand generation and customer acquisition tools. Our solutions empower merchants to more efficiently promote and sell their products, optimize their customer acquisition strategies, and drive incremental sales. We also provide valuable product-level data and insights — information that merchants cannot easily get elsewhere — to better inform their marketing strategies. Finally, our consumer-focused app unlocks the full suite of Affirm products for a delightful end-to-end consumer experience. Consumers can use our app to manage payments, open a high-yield savings account, and access a personalized marketplace.

Our company is predicated on the principles of simplicity, transparency, and putting people first. By adhering to these principles, we have built enduring, trust-based relationships with consumers and merchants that we believe will set us up for long-term, sustainable success. We believe our innovative approach uniquely positions us to define the future of commerce and payments.

Technology and data are at the core of everything we do. Our expertise in sourcing, aggregating, and analyzing data has been the key competitive advantage of our platform since our founding. We believe our proprietary technology platform and data give us a unique advantage in pricing risk. We use data to inform our risk scoring in order to generate value for our consumers, merchants, and capital partners. We collect and store petabytes of information that we carefully structure and use to regularly recalibrate and revalidate our models, getting to risk scoring and pricing faster, more efficiently, and with a higher degree of confidence. We also prioritize building our own technology and investing in engineering talent as we believe these are enduring competitive advantages that are difficult to replicate. Our solutions use the latest in machine learning, artificial intelligence, cloud-based technologies, and other modern tools to create differentiated and scalable products.

We have achieved significant growth in recent periods. For the fiscal years ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, our total revenues, net were approximately $264.4 million and $509.5 million, respectively, representing

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year-over-year growth of approximately 93%. We incurred net losses of $120.5 million and $112.6 million for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, respectively.

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The combination of our differentiated product offering, efficient go-to-market strategy, and strong monetization engine has resulted in fast growth and compelling contribution profit.

•

Rapid GMV growth. With limited marketing investment to date, we have grown our GMV by approximately 77% year-over-year from fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, and 626% since fiscal year ended June 30, 2017, to $4.6 billion as of June 30, 2020.

•

Increased consumer engagement. The number of active consumers on our platform grew approximately 77% year-over-year from fiscal year ended June 30, 2019 to the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, while the number of transactions per active consumer increased for each year since fiscal year ended June 30, 2017.

•

Strong repeat purchases. Across all monthly cohorts since February 2016, newly acquired consumers on average make two transactions within their first 12 months. On certain products characterized by low AOV, across all monthly cohorts since February 2016, consumers who are repeat purchasers after 12 months have on average made over 10 purchases within their first year. In addition, when examining the most recent consumer cohort to complete 12 months on our platform, after making their first transaction, repeat consumers spent an additional $1,600 on average on our platform within the next 12 months.

•

Expanded merchant network. We have also continued to scale the breadth and reach of our platform. From June 30, 2019 to June 30, 2020, our merchant base expanded by over 80%.

•

Impressive dollar-based merchant retention. Our dollar-based merchant retention has consistently exceeded 100% for each cohort of merchants that joined the Affirm platform since 2016. Dollar-based merchant retention represents the GMV generated by a cohort of merchants during a given year, relative to the GMV generated in the prior year, by the same cohort of merchants.

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•

Compelling contribution profit. Our platform has demonstrated increasingly attractive contribution profit. From fiscal years ended June 30, 2019 to June 30, 2020, our contribution profit as a percentage of GMV grew from 2.5% to 3.9%.

Our business was designed to scale efficiently. Our low consumer acquisition costs and partnerships with banks and other funding relationships have allowed us to remain equity capital efficient. Since July 1, 2016, we have processed approximately $9.2 billion of GMV on our platform. As of June 30, 2020, we had over $3.2 billion in funding capacity from a diverse set of capital partners, including through our warehouse facilities and forward flow agreements.

Through the diversity of these funding relationships, the equity capital required to build our total platform portfolio has declined from approximately 15% of the total platform portfolio as of June 30, 2018 to approximately 9% as of June 30, 2020. We define our total platform portfolio as the unpaid principal balance outstanding of all loans facilitated through our platform as of the balance sheet date, including both those loans held for investment and those loans owned by third-parties. This amount totaled $1.4 billion and $2.5 billion as of June 30, 2019 and 2020, respectively. Additionally, we define the equity capital required as the balance of loans held for investment plus loans held for sale less funding debt, per our consolidated balance sheet numbers for equity capital. This amount totaled $169.6 million and $220.8 million as of June 30, 2019 and 2020, respectively.

We have focused on growing our platform and plan to continue making investments to drive future growth. We believe that our continued success will depend on many factors, including our ability to expand our consumer and merchant base, help our merchants grow their revenue on our platform, and develop new innovative solutions to establish the ubiquity of our network and breadth of our platform. We expect to use the proceeds from this offering to fund these and other growth strategies.

Our Financial Model

Our Revenue Model

From merchants, we earn a fee when we help them convert a sale and power a payment. While merchant fees depend on the individual arrangement between us and each merchant and vary based on the terms of the product offering, we generally earn larger merchant fees on 0% APR financing products. For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, 0% APR financing represented 43% of the loan volume, net of refunds, facilitated through our platform. Through the commerce and technology solution offering by our platform, this structure incentivizes us to help our merchants convert sales and increase AOV.

From consumers, we earn interest income on the simple interest loans that we purchase from our originating bank partner. Interest rates charged to our consumers vary depending on the transaction risk, creditworthiness of the consumer, the repayment term selected by the consumer, the amount of the loan, and the individual arrangement with a merchant. Because our consumers are never charged deferred or compounding interest, late fees, or penalties on the loans, we are not incentivized to profit from our consumers’ hardships.

Our Loan Origination and Servicing Model

When a consumer applies for a loan through our platform, the loan is underwritten using our proprietary risk model. Once approved for the loan, the consumer then selects their preferred repayment option. The majority of these loans are funded and issued by our originating bank partner.

A substantial majority of the loans facilitated through our platform are originated through one originating bank partner, Cross River Bank, an FDIC-insured New Jersey state chartered bank. Our partnership with Cross River Bank allows us to benefit from Cross River Bank’s ability to originate assets

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under its banking licenses while complying with various federal, state, and other laws. Under this arrangement, we must comply with Cross River Bank’s credit policies and underwriting procedures, and Cross River Bank maintains ultimate authority to decide whether to originate a loan. When Cross River Bank originates a loan, it funds the loan out of its own funds and may subsequently offer and sell the loan to us. Pursuant to our agreements with Cross River Bank, we are obligated to purchase the loans originated through our platform that Cross River Bank offers us and our obligation is secured by cash deposits. To date, we have purchased all of the loans facilitated through our platform and originated by our originating bank partner. When we purchase a loan from Cross River Bank, the purchase price is equal to the outstanding principal balance of the loan, plus a fee and any accrued interest. Cross River Bank also retains an interest in the loans purchased by us through a loan performance fee that is payable if the loan is repaid in full by a consumer. While we recently entered into an origination program agreement with Celtic Bank, a Utah state-chartered industrial bank whose deposits are insured by the FDIC, this relationship is not yet operational, and Celtic Bank is not yet able to provide meaningful originating bank partner services.

We are also able to originate loans directly under our lending, servicing, and brokering licenses in Canada and across various states in the U.S. We started originating loans directly in Canada in October 2019 and, through the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, we had originated $23.6 million of loans in Canada. As of June 30, 2020, we had not originated any loans directly in the U.S. pursuant to our state licenses. However, we began originating loans directly in the U.S. pursuant to our state licenses in September 2020. Under the self-origination model, we are able to improve our transaction economics.

We act as the servicer on all loans that we originate directly or purchase from our originating bank partner and earn a servicing fee on loans we sell to our funding sources. We do not sell the servicing rights on any of the loans, allowing us to control the consumer experience end-to-end. To allow for flexible staffing to support overflow and seasonal traffic, we partner with several sub-servicers to manage customer care, first priority collections, and third-party collections in accordance with our policies and procedures.

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Our Funding Sources

We maintain a capital-efficient model through a diverse set of funding sources. When we originate a loan directly or purchase a loan originated by our originating bank partner, we utilize warehouse facilities (such as banks and other financial institutions) to finance our lending activities or loan purchases. We sell the loans we originate or purchase from our originating bank partner to whole loan buyers and securitization investors through forward flow arrangements and securitization transactions, and earn servicing fees from continuing to act as the servicer on the loans.

Key Operating Metrics and Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We collect and analyze operating and financial data of our business to assess our performance, formulate financial projections, and make strategic decisions. In addition to revenue, net (loss) income, and other results under generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), the following table sets forth key operating metrics and non-GAAP financial measures we use to evaluate our business.

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	Fiscal Year Ended June 30,
	2019		2020
	(in thousands, except per consumer and percent data)
Gross Merchandise Volume (GMV) ($)		2,620,059		4,637,220
Active Consumers		2,045		3,618
Transactions per Active Consumer (x)		2.0		2.1
Operating Loss ($)		(127,441)		(107,790)
Contribution Profit ($)		64,945		180,479
Contribution Profit as % of GMV (%)		2.5		3.9

GMV

We measure Gross Merchandise Volume to assess the volume of transactions that take place on our platform. We define GMV as the total dollar amount of all transactions on the Affirm platform during the applicable period, net of refunds. GMV does not represent revenue earned by us. However, the GMV processed through our platform is an indicator of the success of our merchants and the strength of our platform. For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, GMV was $4.6 billion, which represented an increase of approximately 77% as compared to $2.6 billion for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019.

Active Consumers

We assess consumer adoption and engagement by the number of active consumers across our platform. Active consumers are the primary measure of the size of our network. We define an active consumer as a consumer who engages in at least one transaction on our platform during the 12 months prior to the measurement date. As of June 30, 2020, we had 3.6 million active consumers, representing an increase of approximately 77% as compared to June 30, 2019.

Transactions per Active Consumer

We believe the value of our network is amplified with greater consumer engagement and repeat usage, highlighted by increased transactions per active consumer. Transactions per active consumer is defined as the average number of transactions that an active consumer has conducted on our platform during the 12 months prior to the measurement date. As of June 30, 2020, we had 2.1 transactions per active consumer, representing an increase of 5% as compared to June 30, 2019.

Operating Loss

For the fiscal years ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, operating loss was approximately $127.4 million and $107.8 million, respectively. This represented a decrease of approximately 15%, driven primarily by significant revenue growth and lower growth in almost all operating expenses, especially provision for credit losses and general and administrative expenses.

Contribution Profit

We believe that contribution profit is informative of the economic return generated from the payments volume facilitated through our platform from both consumers and merchants. Contribution profit is a non-GAAP financial measure that we define as our total revenue less the direct costs of achieving that revenue. Contribution profit is calculated as total revenue less (i) the amortization of discount, which is included in our GAAP interest income, (ii) the unamortized discount released on loans sold to third-party loan buyers, (iii) provision for credit losses, (iv) funding costs, and (v) processing and servicing expense.

Contribution profit has limitations as a financial measure, should be considered as supplemental in nature, and is not meant as a substitute for the related financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. These limitations include the fact that other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate contribution profit differently from how we calculate this measure, which reduces its usefulness as a

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comparative measure. See “Selected Consolidated Financial and Other Data — Non-GAAP Financial Measure” for more information and for a reconciliation of operating loss, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP, to contribution profit.

For the fiscal years ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, contribution profit was approximately $64.9 million and $180.5 million, respectively. This represented an increase of approximately 178%.

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Contribution Profit as a Percentage of GMV

We define contribution profit as percentage of GMV as the contribution profit divided by the GMV. Our contribution profit as a percentage of GMV is a function of the mix of the volume we facilitate on our platform, the funding strategy we employ, the fees we charge our merchants, the interest we charge our consumers, provision for credit losses, funding costs on loans we do not sell, and processing and servicing costs. Our contribution profit as a percentage of GMV was 3.9% for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020. Our contribution profit as a percentage of GMV increased from 2.5% to 3.9% for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020 as compared to the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, predominantly driven by cost efficiencies. We expect this metric to fluctuate from quarter to quarter due to seasonality and mix-shift among low AOV, high AOV, interest bearing, and non-interest bearing loans. Accordingly, we manage this metric on a trailing 12 month basis.

Factors Affecting Our Performance

Continued Growth of Digital Commerce and Pay Over Time Solutions

As the number and volume of commerce transactions taking place online continue to rapidly increase, e-commerce is becoming a larger proportion of total retail spend. Consumers — Gen Z and Millennials in particular — want the flexibility, ease, and choice offered by shopping online. We have observed that consumers also increasingly prefer more flexible and innovative digital payment options, including pay-over-time solutions. Combined with the continued growth in mobile devices, this trend is expected to continue. Merchants are responding to this by meeting consumers where they want to shop via online storefronts, omni-channel strategies, and diverse payment options.

We believe that as commerce becomes increasingly digital, we will have an even greater opportunity to power more transactions, and this will have a meaningful impact on our financial performance. We believe

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that the growth of digital commerce means more merchants will want to offer Affirm as a payment option, more consumers will want to try Affirm, and existing merchants and consumers will make repeated use of our platform.

Adoption of Our Technology-Driven Platform

The growth trends in integrated merchants and consumers on our platform are critical variables directly affecting our revenue and financial results. We benefit from network effects, strong brand affinity, and the growing demand for pay-over-time payment solutions to help organically drive consumer and merchant engagement. In addition, we believe we will continue to see increased adoption as we innovate and invest in our platform.

We believe we can continue to expand the number of merchants on our platform as merchants become aware of the customer acquisition benefits associated with offering Affirm as a payment option. We intend to proactively build relationships with additional merchants through our dedicated sales and marketing efforts. We anticipate that key partnerships, such as our recent partnerships with Shopify and Adyen, will also be important sources of merchant adoption. As we scale our merchant base through brand recognition and merchant satisfaction, more consumers will have a reason to choose Affirm as their payment option.

We are focused on continuing to grow our base of consumers through innovation and the facilitation of fair, transparent, and honest financial products. We have historically acquired consumers through merchants offering our solution as a better way to pay. Increasingly, we are seeing further direct adoption through our Affirm app, which is a customized marketplace for consumers’ commerce needs. The more consumers transact on our platform and the better the quality of their engagement, the more value is created for merchants, leading to greater merchant integration and strengthening the network effects of our business.

Expanding Usage from Existing Consumers and Merchants